4m6t

Structural highlights

Function

LEO1_HUMAN Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II and is implicated in regulation of development and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II through interaction with POLR2A CTD non-phosphorylated and 'Ser-2'- and 'Ser-5'-phosphorylated forms and is involved in transcriptional elongation, acting both independently and synergistically with TCEA1 and in cooperation with the DSIF complex and HTATSF1. PAF1C is required for transcription of Hox and Wnt target genes. PAF1C is involved in hematopoiesis and stimulates transcriptional activity of KMT2A/MLL1; it promotes leukemogenesis through association with KMT2A/MLL1-rearranged oncoproteins, such as KMT2A/MLL1-MLLT3/AF9 and KMT2A/MLL1-MLLT1/ENL. PAF1C is involved in histone modifications such as ubiquitination of histone H2B and methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). PAF1C recruits the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and the E2 enzyme UBE2A or UBE2B to chromatin which mediate monoubiquitination of 'Lys-120' of histone H2B (H2BK120ub1); UB2A/B-mediated H2B ubiquitination is proposed to be coupled to transcription. PAF1C is involved in mRNA 3' end formation probably through association with cleavage and poly(A) factors. In case of infection by influenza A strain H3N2, PAF1C associates with viral NS1 protein, thereby regulating gene transcription. Involved in polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Connects PAF1C to Wnt signaling.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} PAF1_HUMAN Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II and is implicated in regulation of development and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II through interaction with POLR2A CTD non-phosphorylated and 'Ser-2'- and 'Ser-5'-phosphorylated forms and is involved in transcriptional elongation, acting both indepentently and synergistically with TCEA1 and in cooperation with the DSIF complex and HTATSF1. PAF1C is required for transcription of Hox and Wnt target genes. PAF1C is involved in hematopoiesis and stimulates transcriptional activity of KMT2A/MLL1; it promotes leukemogenesis through association with KMT2A/MLL1-rearranged oncoproteins, such as KMT2A/MLL1-MLLT3/AF9 and KMT2A/MLL1-MLLT1/ENL. PAF1C is involved in histone modifications such as ubiquitination of histone H2B and methylation on histone H3 'Lys-4' (H3K4me3). PAF1C recruits the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and the E2 enzyme UBE2A or UBE2B to chromatin which mediate monoubiquitination of 'Lys-120' of histone H2B (H2BK120ub1); UB2A/B-mediated H2B ubiquitination is proposed to be coupled to transcription. PAF1C is involved in mRNA 3' end formation probably through association with cleavage and poly(A) factors. In case of infection by influenza A strain H3N2, PAF1C associates with viral NS1 protein, thereby regulating gene transcription. Connects PAF1C with the RNF20/40 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Involved in polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Has oncogenic activity in vivo and in vitro.^{[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]}

References

1. ↑ Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Hughes CM, Nannepaga SJ, Shanmugam KS, Copeland TD, Guszczynski T, Resau JH, Meyerson M. The parafibromin tumor suppressor protein is part of a human Paf1 complex. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jan;25(2):612-20. PMID:15632063 doi:http://dx.doi.org/25/2/612
2. ↑ Zhao L, Tong T, Zhang Z. Expression of the Leo1-like domain of replicative senescence down-regulated Leo1-like (RDL) protein promotes senescence of 2BS fibroblasts. FASEB J. 2005 Apr;19(6):521-32. PMID:15791002 doi:http://dx.doi.org/19/6/521
3. ↑ Ding L, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Nitzsche A, Slabicki MM, Heninger AK, de Vries I, Kittler R, Junqueira M, Shevchenko A, Schulz H, Hubner N, Doss MX, Sachinidis A, Hescheler J, Iacone R, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Pisabarro MT, Caldarelli A, Poser I, Theis M, Buchholz F. A genome-scale RNAi screen for Oct4 modulators defines a role of the Paf1 complex for embryonic stem cell identity. Cell Stem Cell. 2009 May 8;4(5):403-15. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.009. Epub, 2009 Apr 2. PMID:19345177 doi:10.1016/j.stem.2009.03.009
4. ↑ Chen Y, Yamaguchi Y, Tsugeno Y, Yamamoto J, Yamada T, Nakamura M, Hisatake K, Handa H. DSIF, the Paf1 complex, and Tat-SF1 have nonredundant, cooperative roles in RNA polymerase II elongation. Genes Dev. 2009 Dec 1;23(23):2765-77. doi: 10.1101/gad.1834709. PMID:19952111 doi:10.1101/gad.1834709
5. ↑ Kim J, Guermah M, Roeder RG. The human PAF1 complex acts in chromatin transcription elongation both independently and cooperatively with SII/TFIIS. Cell. 2010 Feb 19;140(4):491-503. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.050. PMID:20178742 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.050
6. ↑ Moniaux N, Nemos C, Schmied BM, Chauhan SC, Deb S, Morikane K, Choudhury A, Vanlith M, Sutherlin M, Sikela JM, Hollingsworth MA, Batra SK. The human homologue of the RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 (hPaf1), localized on the 19q13 amplicon, is associated with tumorigenesis. Oncogene. 2006 Jun 1;25(23):3247-57. Epub 2006 Feb 20. PMID:16491129 doi:1209353
7. ↑ Kim J, Guermah M, McGinty RK, Lee JS, Tang Z, Milne TA, Shilatifard A, Muir TW, Roeder RG. RAD6-Mediated transcription-coupled H2B ubiquitylation directly stimulates H3K4 methylation in human cells. Cell. 2009 May 1;137(3):459-71. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.027. PMID:19410543 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.027
8. ↑ Chen Y, Yamaguchi Y, Tsugeno Y, Yamamoto J, Yamada T, Nakamura M, Hisatake K, Handa H. DSIF, the Paf1 complex, and Tat-SF1 have nonredundant, cooperative roles in RNA polymerase II elongation. Genes Dev. 2009 Dec 1;23(23):2765-77. doi: 10.1101/gad.1834709. PMID:19952111 doi:10.1101/gad.1834709
9. ↑ Muntean AG, Tan J, Sitwala K, Huang Y, Bronstein J, Connelly JA, Basrur V, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Hess JL. The PAF complex synergizes with MLL fusion proteins at HOX loci to promote leukemogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2010 Jun 15;17(6):609-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.012. PMID:20541477 doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.012
10. ↑ Kim J, Guermah M, Roeder RG. The human PAF1 complex acts in chromatin transcription elongation both independently and cooperatively with SII/TFIIS. Cell. 2010 Feb 19;140(4):491-503. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.050. PMID:20178742 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.050
11. ↑ Nagaike T, Logan C, Hotta I, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Meyerson M, Manley JL. Transcriptional activators enhance polyadenylation of mRNA precursors. Mol Cell. 2011 Feb 18;41(4):409-18. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.01.022. PMID:21329879 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.01.022
12. ↑ Marazzi I, Ho JS, Kim J, Manicassamy B, Dewell S, Albrecht RA, Seibert CW, Schaefer U, Jeffrey KL, Prinjha RK, Lee K, Garcia-Sastre A, Roeder RG, Tarakhovsky A. Suppression of the antiviral response by an influenza histone mimic. Nature. 2012 Mar 14;483(7390):428-33. doi: 10.1038/nature10892. PMID:22419161 doi:10.1038/nature10892
13. ↑ Chu X, Qin X, Xu H, Li L, Wang Z, Li F, Xie X, Zhou H, Shen Y, Long J. Structural insights into Paf1 complex assembly and histone binding. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 Sep 14. PMID:24038468 doi:10.1093/nar/gkt819