6uyv

Structural highlights

Disease

[SUMO1_HUMAN] Defects in SUMO1 are the cause of non-syndromic orofacial cleft type 10 (OFC10) [MIM:613705]; also called non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate 10. OFC10 is a birth defect consisting of cleft lips with or without cleft palate. Cleft lips are associated with cleft palate in two-third of cases. A cleft lip can occur on one or both sides and range in severity from a simple notch in the upper lip to a complete opening in the lip extending into the floor of the nostril and involving the upper gum. Note=A chromosomal aberation involving SUMO1 is the cause of OFC10. Translocation t(2;8)(q33.1;q24.3). The breakpoint occurred in the SUMO1 gene and resulted in haploinsufficiency confirmed by protein assays.^[1] [PML_HUMAN] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving PML may be a cause of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Translocation t(15;17)(q21;q21) with RARA. The PML breakpoints (type A and type B) lie on either side of an alternatively spliced exon.^{[2] [3]}

Function

[SUMO1_HUMAN] Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by E3 ligases such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Involved for instance in targeting RANGAP1 to the nuclear pore complex protein RANBP2. Polymeric SUMO1 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins. May also regulate a network of genes involved in palate development.^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} [PML_HUMAN] Key component of PML nuclear bodies that regulate a large number of cellular processes by facilitating post-translational modification of target proteins, promoting protein-protein contacts, or by sequestering proteins. Functions as tumor suppressor. Required for normal, caspase-dependent apoptosis in response to DNA damage, FAS, TNF, or interferons. Plays a role in transcription regulation, DNA damage response, DNA repair and chromatin organization. Plays a role in processes regulated by retinoic acid, regulation of cell division, terminal differentiation of myeloid precursor cells and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Required for normal immunity to microbial infections. Plays a role in antiviral response. In the cytoplasm, plays a role in TGFB1-dependent processes. Regulates p53/TP53 levels by inhibiting its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Regulates activation of p53/TP53 via phosphorylation at 'Ser-20'. Sequesters MDM2 in the nucleolus after DNA damage, and thereby inhibits ubiquitination and degradation of p53/TP53. Regulates translation of HIF1A by sequestering MTOR, and thereby plays a role in neoangiogenesis and tumor vascularization. Regulates RB1 phosphorylation and activity. Required for normal development of the brain cortex during embryogenesis. Can sequester herpes virus and varicella virus proteins inside PML bodies, and thereby inhibit the formation of infectious viral particles. Regulates phosphorylation of ITPR3 and plays a role in the regulation of calcium homeostasis at the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). Regulates transcription activity of ELF4. Inhibits specifically the activity of the tetrameric form of PKM. Together with SATB1, involved in local chromatin-loop remodeling and gene expression regulation at the MHC-I locus. Regulates PTEN compartmentalization through the inhibition of USP7-mediated deubiquitination.^{[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]}

References

1. ↑ Alkuraya FS, Saadi I, Lund JJ, Turbe-Doan A, Morton CC, Maas RL. SUMO1 haploinsufficiency leads to cleft lip and palate. Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1751. PMID:16990542 doi:10.1126/science.1128406
2. ↑ de The H, Lavau C, Marchio A, Chomienne C, Degos L, Dejean A. The PML-RAR alpha fusion mRNA generated by the t(15;17) translocation in acute promyelocytic leukemia encodes a functionally altered RAR. Cell. 1991 Aug 23;66(4):675-84. PMID:1652369
3. ↑ Goddard AD, Borrow J, Freemont PS, Solomon E. Characterization of a zinc finger gene disrupted by the t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Science. 1991 Nov 29;254(5036):1371-4. PMID:1720570
4. ↑ Mahajan R, Delphin C, Guan T, Gerace L, Melchior F. A small ubiquitin-related polypeptide involved in targeting RanGAP1 to nuclear pore complex protein RanBP2. Cell. 1997 Jan 10;88(1):97-107. PMID:9019411
5. ↑ Kamitani T, Nguyen HP, Yeh ET. Preferential modification of nuclear proteins by a novel ubiquitin-like molecule. J Biol Chem. 1997 May 30;272(22):14001-4. PMID:9162015
6. ↑ Meulmeester E, Kunze M, Hsiao HH, Urlaub H, Melchior F. Mechanism and consequences for paralog-specific sumoylation of ubiquitin-specific protease 25. Mol Cell. 2008 Jun 6;30(5):610-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.021. PMID:18538659 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.021
7. ↑ Tatham MH, Geoffroy MC, Shen L, Plechanovova A, Hattersley N, Jaffray EG, Palvimo JJ, Hay RT. RNF4 is a poly-SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase required for arsenic-induced PML degradation. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 May;10(5):538-46. doi: 10.1038/ncb1716. Epub 2008 Apr 13. PMID:18408734 doi:10.1038/ncb1716
8. ↑ Kamitani T, Kito K, Nguyen HP, Wada H, Fukuda-Kamitani T, Yeh ET. Identification of three major sentrinization sites in PML. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 9;273(41):26675-82. PMID:9756909
9. ↑ Zhong S, Delva L, Rachez C, Cenciarelli C, Gandini D, Zhang H, Kalantry S, Freedman LP, Pandolfi PP. A RA-dependent, tumour-growth suppressive transcription complex is the target of the PML-RARalpha and T18 oncoproteins. Nat Genet. 1999 Nov;23(3):287-95. PMID:10610177 doi:10.1038/15463
10. ↑ Zhong S, Salomoni P, Ronchetti S, Guo A, Ruggero D, Pandolfi PP. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) and Daxx participate in a novel nuclear pathway for apoptosis. J Exp Med. 2000 Feb 21;191(4):631-40. PMID:10684855
11. ↑ Guo A, Salomoni P, Luo J, Shih A, Zhong S, Gu W, Pandolfi PP. The function of PML in p53-dependent apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol. 2000 Oct;2(10):730-6. PMID:11025664 doi:10.1038/35036365
12. ↑ Regad T, Saib A, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Pandolfi PP, de The H, Chelbi-Alix MK. PML mediates the interferon-induced antiviral state against a complex retrovirus via its association with the viral transactivator. EMBO J. 2001 Jul 2;20(13):3495-505. PMID:11432836 doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3495
13. ↑ Yang S, Kuo C, Bisi JE, Kim MK. PML-dependent apoptosis after DNA damage is regulated by the checkpoint kinase hCds1/Chk2. Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;4(11):865-70. PMID:12402044 doi:10.1038/ncb869
14. ↑ Blondel D, Regad T, Poisson N, Pavie B, Harper F, Pandolfi PP, De The H, Chelbi-Alix MK. Rabies virus P and small P products interact directly with PML and reorganize PML nuclear bodies. Oncogene. 2002 Nov 14;21(52):7957-70. PMID:12439746 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205931
15. ↑ Louria-Hayon I, Grossman T, Sionov RV, Alsheich O, Pandolfi PP, Haupt Y. The promyelocytic leukemia protein protects p53 from Mdm2-mediated inhibition and degradation. J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 29;278(35):33134-41. Epub 2003 Jun 16. PMID:12810724 doi:10.1074/jbc.M301264200
16. ↑ Suico MA, Yoshida H, Seki Y, Uchikawa T, Lu Z, Shuto T, Matsuzaki K, Nakao M, Li JD, Kai H. Myeloid Elf-1-like factor, an ETS transcription factor, up-regulates lysozyme transcription in epithelial cells through interaction with promyelocytic leukemia protein. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 30;279(18):19091-8. Epub 2004 Feb 19. PMID:14976184 doi:10.1074/jbc.M312439200
17. ↑ Bernardi R, Scaglioni PP, Bergmann S, Horn HF, Vousden KH, Pandolfi PP. PML regulates p53 stability by sequestering Mdm2 to the nucleolus. Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Jul;6(7):665-72. Epub 2004 Jun 13. PMID:15195100 doi:10.1038/ncb1147
18. ↑ Lin HK, Bergmann S, Pandolfi PP. Cytoplasmic PML function in TGF-beta signalling. Nature. 2004 Sep 9;431(7005):205-11. PMID:15356634 doi:10.1038/nature02783
19. ↑ Dellaire G, Ching RW, Ahmed K, Jalali F, Tse KC, Bristow RG, Bazett-Jones DP. Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies behave as DNA damage sensors whose response to DNA double-strand breaks is regulated by NBS1 and the kinases ATM, Chk2, and ATR. J Cell Biol. 2006 Oct 9;175(1):55-66. PMID:17030982 doi:10.1083/jcb.200604009
20. ↑ Shimada N, Shinagawa T, Ishii S. Modulation of M2-type pyruvate kinase activity by the cytoplasmic PML tumor suppressor protein. Genes Cells. 2008 Mar;13(3):245-54. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01165.x. PMID:18298799 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01165.x
21. ↑ Song MS, Salmena L, Carracedo A, Egia A, Lo-Coco F, Teruya-Feldstein J, Pandolfi PP. The deubiquitinylation and localization of PTEN are regulated by a HAUSP-PML network. Nature. 2008 Oct 9;455(7214):813-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07290. Epub 2008 Aug 20. PMID:18716620 doi:10.1038/nature07290
22. ↑ Kumar PP, Bischof O, Purbey PK, Notani D, Urlaub H, Dejean A, Galande S. Functional interaction between PML and SATB1 regulates chromatin-loop architecture and transcription of the MHC class I locus. Nat Cell Biol. 2007 Jan;9(1):45-56. Epub 2006 Dec 17. PMID:17173041 doi:10.1038/ncb1516
23. ↑ Oh W, Ghim J, Lee EW, Yang MR, Kim ET, Ahn JH, Song J. PML-IV functions as a negative regulator of telomerase by interacting with TERT. J Cell Sci. 2009 Aug 1;122(Pt 15):2613-22. doi: 10.1242/jcs.048066. Epub 2009 Jun, 30. PMID:19567472 doi:10.1242/jcs.048066
24. ↑ Cuchet D, Sykes A, Nicolas A, Orr A, Murray J, Sirma H, Heeren J, Bartelt A, Everett RD. PML isoforms I and II participate in PML-dependent restriction of HSV-1 replication. J Cell Sci. 2011 Jan 15;124(Pt 2):280-91. doi: 10.1242/jcs.075390. Epub 2010 Dec , 20. PMID:21172801 doi:10.1242/jcs.075390
25. ↑ Reichelt M, Wang L, Sommer M, Perrino J, Nour AM, Sen N, Baiker A, Zerboni L, Arvin AM. Entrapment of viral capsids in nuclear PML cages is an intrinsic antiviral host defense against varicella-zoster virus. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Feb 3;7(2):e1001266. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001266. PMID:21304940 doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001266