4iuz
From Proteopedia
High resolution crystal structure of racemic ester insulin
Structural highlights
DiseaseINS_HUMAN Defects in INS are the cause of familial hyperproinsulinemia (FHPRI) [MIM:176730.[1] [2] [3] [4] Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 2 (IDDM2) [MIM:125852. IDDM2 is a multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.[5] Defects in INS are a cause of diabetes mellitus permanent neonatal (PNDM) [MIM:606176. PNDM is a rare form of diabetes distinct from childhood-onset autoimmune diabetes mellitus type 1. It is characterized by insulin-requiring hyperglycemia that is diagnosed within the first months of life. Permanent neonatal diabetes requires lifelong therapy.[6] [7] Defects in INS are a cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 10 (MODY10) [MIM:613370. MODY10 is a form of diabetes that is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset in childhood or early adulthood (usually before 25 years of age), a primary defect in insulin secretion and frequent insulin-independence at the beginning of the disease.[8] [9] [10] FunctionINS_HUMAN Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. Publication Abstract from PubMedEfficient total synthesis of insulin is important to enable the application of medicinal chemistry to the optimization of the properties of this important protein molecule. Recently we described "ester insulin"-a novel form of insulin in which the function of the 35 residue C-peptide of proinsulin is replaced by a single covalent bond-as a key intermediate for the efficient total synthesis of insulin. Here we describe a fully convergent synthetic route to the ester insulin molecule from three unprotected peptide segments of approximately equal size. The synthetic ester insulin polypeptide chain folded much more rapidly than proinsulin, and at physiological pH. Both the d-protein and l-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin (i.e., [Asp(B10), Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]ester insulin) were prepared by total chemical synthesis. The atomic structure of the synthetic ester insulin molecule was determined by racemic protein X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.6 A. Diffraction quality crystals were readily obtained from the racemic mixture of {d-DKP ester insulin + l-DKP ester insulin}, whereas crystals were not obtained from the l-ester insulin alone even after extensive trials. Both the d-protein and l-protein enantiomers of monomeric DKP ester insulin were assayed for receptor binding and in diabetic rats, before and after conversion by saponification to the corresponding DKP insulin enantiomers. l-DKP ester insulin bound weakly to the insulin receptor, while synthetic l-DKP insulin derived from the l-DKP ester insulin intermediate was fully active in binding to the insulin receptor. The d- and l-DKP ester insulins and d-DKP insulin were inactive in lowering blood glucose in diabetic rats, while synthetic l-DKP insulin was fully active in this biological assay. The structural basis of the lack of biological activity of ester insulin is discussed. Fully Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Ester Insulin: Determination of the High Resolution X-ray Structure by Racemic Protein Crystallography.,Avital-Shmilovici M, Mandal K, Gates ZP, Phillips NB, Weiss MA, Kent SB J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Feb 8. PMID:23343390[11] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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