2gl7

Structural highlights

Disease

[CTNB1_HUMAN] Defects in CTNNB1 are associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) [MIM:114500]. Note=Activating mutations in CTNNB1 have oncogenic activity resulting in tumor development. Somatic mutations are found in various tumor types, including colon cancers, ovarian and prostate carcinomas, hepatoblastoma (HB), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBs are malignant embryonal tumors mainly affecting young children in the first three years of life. Defects in CTNNB1 are a cause of pilomatrixoma (PTR) [MIM:132600]; a common benign skin tumor.^{[1] [2] [3]} Defects in CTNNB1 are a cause of medulloblastoma (MDB) [MIM:155255]. MDB is a malignant, invasive embryonal tumor of the cerebellum with a preferential manifestation in children.^{[4] [5]} Defects in CTNNB1 are a cause of susceptibility to ovarian cancer (OC) [MIM:167000]. Ovarian cancer common malignancy originating from ovarian tissue. Although many histologic types of ovarian neoplasms have been described, epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most common form. Ovarian cancers are often asymptomatic and the recognized signs and symptoms, even of late-stage disease, are vague. Consequently, most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving CTNNB1 is found in salivary gland pleiomorphic adenomas, the most common benign epithelial tumors of the salivary gland. Translocation t(3;8)(p21;q12) with PLAG1. Defects in CTNNB1 may be a cause of mesothelioma malignant (MESOM) [MIM:156240]. An aggressive neoplasm of the serosal lining of the chest. It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos.^[6] [BCL9_HUMAN] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving BCL9 is found in a patient with precusor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Translocation t(1;14)(q21;q32). This translocation leaves the coding region intact, but may have pathogenic effects due to alterations in the expression level of BCL9. Several cases of translocations within the 3'-UTR of BCL9 have been found in B-cell malignancies. [TF7L2_HUMAN] Note=Constitutive activation and subsequent transactivation of target genes may lead to the maintenance of stem-cell characteristics (cycling and longevity) in cells that should normally undergo terminal differentiation and constitute the primary transforming event in colorectal cancer (CRC). Genetic variations in TCF7L2 are associated with susceptibility to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) [MIM:125853]. NIDDM is characterized by an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, onset during adulthood and insulin resistance.^[7]

Function

[CTNB1_HUMAN] Key downstream component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt, forms a complex with AXIN1, AXIN2, APC, CSNK1A1 and GSK3B that promotes phosphorylation on N-terminal Ser and Thr residues and ubiquitination of CTNNB1 via BTRC and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In the presence of Wnt ligand, CTNNB1 is not ubiquitinated and accumulates in the nucleus, where it acts as a coactivator for transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family, leading to activate Wnt responsive genes. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion. Acts as a negative regulator of centrosome cohesion. Involved in the CDK2/PTPN6/CTNNB1/CEACAM1 pathway of insulin internalization. Blocks anoikis of malignant kidney and intestinal epithelial cells and promotes their anchorage-independent growth by down-regulating DAPK2.^{[8] [9] [10] [11]} [BCL9_HUMAN] Involved in signal transduction through the Wnt pathway. Promotes beta-catenin's transcriptional activity (By similarity).^[12] [TF7L2_HUMAN] Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway and modulates MYC expression by binding to its promoter in a sequence-specific manner. Acts as repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as activator in its presence. Activates transcription from promoters with several copies of the Tcf motif 5'-CCTTTGATC-3' in the presence of CTNNB1. TLE1, TLE2, TLE3 and TLE4 repress transactivation mediated by TCF7L2/TCF4 and CTNNB1. Expression of dominant-negative mutants results in cell-cycle arrest in G1. Necessary for the maintenance of the epithelial stem-cell compartment of the small intestine.^{[13] [14] [15] [16]}

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

See Also

• Catenin

References

1. ↑ Moreno-Bueno G, Gamallo C, Perez-Gallego L, Contreras F, Palacios J. beta-catenin expression in pilomatrixomas. Relationship with beta-catenin gene mutations and comparison with beta-catenin expression in normal hair follicles. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Oct;145(4):576-81. PMID:11703283
2. ↑ van Noort M, van de Wetering M, Clevers H. Identification of two novel regulated serines in the N terminus of beta-catenin. Exp Cell Res. 2002 Jun 10;276(2):264-72. PMID:12027456 doi:10.1006/excr.2002.5520
3. ↑ Chan EF, Gat U, McNiff JM, Fuchs E. A common human skin tumour is caused by activating mutations in beta-catenin. Nat Genet. 1999 Apr;21(4):410-3. PMID:10192393 doi:10.1038/7747
4. ↑ van Noort M, van de Wetering M, Clevers H. Identification of two novel regulated serines in the N terminus of beta-catenin. Exp Cell Res. 2002 Jun 10;276(2):264-72. PMID:12027456 doi:10.1006/excr.2002.5520
5. ↑ Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, Chimelli L, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol. 2000 Feb;156(2):433-7. PMID:10666372
6. ↑ Shigemitsu K, Sekido Y, Usami N, Mori S, Sato M, Horio Y, Hasegawa Y, Bader SA, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Hida T, Yoshioka H, Imaizumi M, Ueda Y, Takahashi M, Shimokata K. Genetic alteration of the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in human lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma and identification of a new 3p21.3 homozygous deletion. Oncogene. 2001 Jul 12;20(31):4249-57. PMID:11464291 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204557
7. ↑ Grant SF, Thorleifsson G, Reynisdottir I, Benediktsson R, Manolescu A, Sainz J, Helgason A, Stefansson H, Emilsson V, Helgadottir A, Styrkarsdottir U, Magnusson KP, Walters GB, Palsdottir E, Jonsdottir T, Gudmundsdottir T, Gylfason A, Saemundsdottir J, Wilensky RL, Reilly MP, Rader DJ, Bagger Y, Christiansen C, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gulcher JR, Kong A, Stefansson K. Variant of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene confers risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet. 2006 Mar;38(3):320-3. Epub 2006 Jan 15. PMID:16415884 doi:10.1038/ng1732
8. ↑ Lillehoj EP, Lu W, Kiser T, Goldblum SE, Kim KC. MUC1 inhibits cell proliferation by a beta-catenin-dependent mechanism. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007 Jul;1773(7):1028-38. Epub 2007 Apr 22. PMID:17524503 doi:S0167-4889(07)00092-4
9. ↑ Bahmanyar S, Kaplan DD, Deluca JG, Giddings TH Jr, O'Toole ET, Winey M, Salmon ED, Casey PJ, Nelson WJ, Barth AI. beta-Catenin is a Nek2 substrate involved in centrosome separation. Genes Dev. 2008 Jan 1;22(1):91-105. Epub 2007 Dec 17. PMID:18086858 doi:10.1101/gad.1596308
10. ↑ Li H, Ray G, Yoo BH, Erdogan M, Rosen KV. Down-regulation of death-associated protein kinase-2 is required for beta-catenin-induced anoikis resistance of malignant epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 23;284(4):2012-22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M805612200. Epub 2008, Oct 27. PMID:18957423 doi:10.1074/jbc.M805612200
11. ↑ Fiset A, Xu E, Bergeron S, Marette A, Pelletier G, Siminovitch KA, Olivier M, Beauchemin N, Faure RL. Compartmentalized CDK2 is connected with SHP-1 and beta-catenin and regulates insulin internalization. Cell Signal. 2011 May;23(5):911-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.019. Epub 2011 , Jan 22. PMID:21262353 doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.01.019
12. ↑ Kramps T, Peter O, Brunner E, Nellen D, Froesch B, Chatterjee S, Murone M, Zullig S, Basler K. Wnt/wingless signaling requires BCL9/legless-mediated recruitment of pygopus to the nuclear beta-catenin-TCF complex. Cell. 2002 Apr 5;109(1):47-60. PMID:11955446
13. ↑ He TC, Sparks AB, Rago C, Hermeking H, Zawel L, da Costa LT, Morin PJ, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Identification of c-MYC as a target of the APC pathway. Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1509-12. PMID:9727977
14. ↑ van de Wetering M, Sancho E, Verweij C, de Lau W, Oving I, Hurlstone A, van der Horn K, Batlle E, Coudreuse D, Haramis AP, Tjon-Pon-Fong M, Moerer P, van den Born M, Soete G, Pals S, Eilers M, Medema R, Clevers H. The beta-catenin/TCF-4 complex imposes a crypt progenitor phenotype on colorectal cancer cells. Cell. 2002 Oct 18;111(2):241-50. PMID:12408868
15. ↑ Yamamoto H, Ihara M, Matsuura Y, Kikuchi A. Sumoylation is involved in beta-catenin-dependent activation of Tcf-4. EMBO J. 2003 May 1;22(9):2047-59. PMID:12727872 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg204
16. ↑ Hong CF, Chou YT, Lin YS, Wu CW. MAD2B, a novel TCF4-binding protein, modulates TCF4-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 17;284(29):19613-22. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.005017. Epub, 2009 May 14. PMID:19443654 doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.005017
17. ↑ Sampietro J, Dahlberg CL, Cho US, Hinds TR, Kimelman D, Xu W. Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/BCL9/Tcf4 complex. Mol Cell. 2006 Oct 20;24(2):293-300. PMID:17052462 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2006.09.001