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Function
MMP9 is involved in inflammatory responses, tissue remodeling, wound healing, tumor growth and metastasis. MMP9 may also play an important part in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration, as well as in bone osteoclastic resorption.
MMP-9 is absent from most normal adult tissues, including the intestinal epithelial cells. We and several others have shown that MMP-9 is highly expressed during intestinal inflammation in different animal models and human IBD. In addition to its role in inflammation, recent studies from our laboratory have shown that MMP-9 plays a role in epithelial cell differentiation.
Disease
Cardiovascular
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, one of the most widely investigated MMPs, regulates pathological remodeling processes that involve inflammation and fibrosis in cardiovascular disease. MMP-9 directly degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and activates cytokines and chemokines to regulate tissue remodeling. MMP-9 deletion or inhibition has proven overall beneficial in multiple animal models of cardiovascular disease.
Hypertension
MMP-9 activity is induced very early with the development of hypertension, contributing to collagen breakdown and arterial distensibility. An increase in fibrillar collagen in the compensated stage of hypertension is associated with increased MMP-9 activity. An increased arterial pressure and altered remodeling in the blood vessels lead to a pressure overload of the heart. Under these conditions, both vascular and cardiac tissues undergo additional compensatory remodeling. MMP-9 activity is increased in arteries with high pressure compared with vessels under normal pressure.
Regulation
Activators:
Ca2+ and Zn2+
Gelatinase B activity is under strict control at various levels: transcription of the gene by cytokines and cellular interactions; activation of the pro-enzyme by a cascade of enzymes comprising serine proteases and other MMPs; and regulation by specific tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) or by unspecific inhibitors, such as alpha2-macroglobulin.[3]
