2k7p
From Proteopedia
Filamin A Ig-like domains 16-17
Structural highlights
Disease[FLNA_HUMAN] Defects in FLNA are the cause of periventricular nodular heterotopia type 1 (PVNH1) [MIM:300049]; also called nodular heterotopia, bilateral periventricular (NHBP or BPNH). PVNH is a developmental disorder characterized by the presence of periventricular nodules of cerebral gray matter, resulting from a failure of neurons to migrate normally from the lateral ventricular proliferative zone, where they are formed, to the cerebral cortex. PVNH1 is an X-linked dominant form. Heterozygous females have normal intelligence but suffer from seizures and various manifestations outside the central nervous system, especially related to the vascular system. Hemizygous affected males die in the prenatal or perinatal period.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Defects in FLNA are the cause of periventricular nodular heterotopia type 4 (PVNH4) [MIM:300537]; also known as periventricular heterotopia Ehlers-Danlos variant. PVNH4 is characterized by nodular brain heterotopia, joint hypermobility and development of aortic dilation in early adulthood. Defects in FLNA are the cause of otopalatodigital syndrome type 1 (OPD1) [MIM:311300]. OPD1 is an X-linked dominant multiple congenital anomalies disease mainly characterized by a generalized skeletal dysplasia, mild mental retardation, hearing loss, cleft palate, and typical facial anomalies. OPD1 belongs to a group of X-linked skeletal dysplasias known as oto-palato-digital syndrome spectrum disorders that also include OPD2, Melnick-Needles syndrome (MNS), and frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD). Remodeling of the cytoskeleton is central to the modulation of cell shape and migration. FLNA is a widely expressed protein that regulates re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton by interacting with integrins, transmembrane receptor complexes and second messengers. Males with OPD1 have cleft palate, malformations of the ossicles causing deafness and milder bone and limb defects than those associated with OPD2. Obligate female carriers of mutations causing both OPD1 and OPD2 have variable (often milder) expression of a similar phenotypic spectrum.[6] [7] Defects in FLNA are the cause of otopalatodigital syndrome type 2 (OPD2) [MIM:304120]; also known as cranioorodigital syndrome. OPD2 is a congenital bone disorder that is characterized by abnormally modeled, bowed bones, small or absent first digits and, more variably, cleft palate, posterior fossa brain anomalies, omphalocele and cardiac defects. Defects in FLNA are the cause of frontometaphyseal dysplasia (FMD) [MIM:305620]. FMD is a congenital bone disease characterized by supraorbital hyperostosis, deafness and digital anomalies.[8] [9] Defects in FLNA are the cause of Melnick-Needles syndrome (MNS) [MIM:309350]. MNS is a severe congenital bone disorder characterized by typical facies (exophthalmos, full cheeks, micrognathia and malalignment of teeth), flaring of the metaphyses of long bones, s-like curvature of bones of legs, irregular constrictions in the ribs, and sclerosis of base of skull.[10] Defects in FLNA are the cause of X-linked congenital idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction (CIIPX) [MIM:300048]. CIIPX is characterized by a severe abnormality of gastrointestinal motility due to primary qualitative defects of enteric ganglia and nerve fibers. Affected individuals manifest recurrent signs of intestinal obstruction in the absence of any mechanical lesion.[11] Defects in FLNA are the cause of FG syndrome type 2 (FGS2) [MIM:300321]. FG syndrome (FGS) is an X-linked disorder characterized by mental retardation, relative macrocephaly, hypotonia and constipation.[12] Defects in FLNA are the cause of terminal osseous dysplasia (TOD) [MIM:300244]. A rare X-linked dominant male-lethal disease characterized by skeletal dysplasia of the limbs, pigmentary defects of the skin and recurrent digital fibroma during infancy. A significant phenotypic variability is observed in affected females.[13] Defects in FLNA are the cause of cardiac valvular dysplasia X-linked (CVDX) [MIM:314400]. A rare X-linked heart disease characterized by mitral and/or aortic valve regurgitation. The histologic features include fragmentation of collagenous bundles within the valve fibrosa and accumulation of proteoglycans, which produces excessive valve tissue leading to billowing of the valve leaflets.[14] Note=Defects in FLNA may be a cause of macrothrombocytopenia, a disorder characterized by subnormal levels of blood platelets. Blood platelets are abonormally enlarged. Function[FLNA_HUMAN] Promotes orthogonal branching of actin filaments and links actin filaments to membrane glycoproteins. Anchors various transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and serves as a scaffold for a wide range of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Interaction with FLNA may allow neuroblast migration from the ventricular zone into the cortical plate. Tethers cell surface-localized furin, modulates its rate of internalization and directs its intracellular trafficking (By similarity). Involved in ciliogenesis.[15] Evolutionary Conservation Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf. Publication Abstract from PubMedFilamins are actin filament cross-linking proteins composed of an N-terminal actin-binding domain and 24 immunoglobulin-like domains (IgFLNs). Filamins interact with numerous proteins, including the cytoplasmic domains of plasma membrane signaling and cell adhesion receptors. Thereby filamins mechanically and functionally link the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton. Most of the interactions have been mapped to the C-terminal IgFLNs 16-24. Similarly, as with the previously known compact domain pair of IgFLNa20-21, the two-domain fragments IgFLNa16-17 and IgFLNa18-19 were more compact in small angle x-ray scattering analysis than would be expected for two independent domains. Solution state NMR structures revealed that the domain packing in IgFLNa18-19 resembles the structure of IgFLNa20-21. In both domain pairs the integrin-binding site is masked, although the details of the domain-domain interaction are partly distinct. The structure of IgFLNa16-17 revealed a new domain packing mode where the adhesion receptor binding site of domain 17 is not masked. Sequence comparison suggests that similar packing of three tandem filamin domain pairs is present throughout the animal kingdom, and we propose that this packing is involved in the regulation of filamin interactions through a mechanosensor mechanism. Atomic structures of two novel immunoglobulin-like domain pairs in the actin cross-linking protein filamin.,Heikkinen OK, Ruskamo S, Konarev PV, Svergun DI, Iivanainen T, Heikkinen SM, Permi P, Koskela H, Kilpelainen I, Ylanne J J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 11;284(37):25450-8. Epub 2009 Jul 21. PMID:19622754[16] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. See AlsoReferences
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