4gq6

Structural highlights

Disease

[MEN1_HUMAN] Defects in MEN1 are the cause of familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN1) [MIM:131100]. Autosomal dominant disorder characterized by tumors of the parathyroid glands, gastro-intestinal endocrine tissue, the anterior pituitary and other tissues. Cutaneous lesions and nervous-tissue tumors can exist. Prognosis in MEN1 patients is related to hormonal hypersecretion by tumors, such as hypergastrinemia causing severe peptic ulcer disease (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, ZES), primary hyperparathyroidism, and acute forms of hyperinsulinemia.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]} Defects in MEN1 are the cause of familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP) [MIM:145000]; also known as hyperparathyroidism type 1 (HRPT1). FIHP is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hypercalcemia, elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and uniglandular or multiglandular parathyroid tumors.^{[41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47]} [MLL1_HUMAN] Defects in MLL are the cause of Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WDSTS) [MIM:605130]. A syndrome characterized by hairy elbows (hypertrichosis cubiti), intellectual disability, a distinctive facial appearance, and short stature. Facial characteristics include long eyelashes, thick or arched eyebrows with a lateral flare, and downslanting and vertically narrow palpebral fissures.^{[48] [49]} Note=Chromosomal aberrations involving MLL are a cause of acute leukemias. Translocation t(1;11)(q21;q23) with MLLT11/AF1Q; translocation t(3;11)(p21;q23) with NCKIPSD/AF3p21; translocation t(3,11)(q25,q23) with GMPS; translocation t(4;11)(q21;q23) with AFF1/MLLT2/AF4; insertion ins(5;11)(q31;q13q23) with AFF4/AF5Q31; translocation t(5;11)(q12;q23) with AF5-alpha/CENPK; translocation t(6;11)(q27;q23) with MLLT4/AF6; translocation t(9;11)(p22;q23) with MLLT3/AF9; translocation t(10;11)(p11.2;q23) with ABI1; translocation t(10;11)(p12;q23) with MLLT10/AF10; t(11;15)(q23;q14) with CASC5 and ZFYVE19; translocation t(11;17)(q23;q21) with MLLT6/AF17; translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) with ELL; translocation t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) with MLLT1/ENL; translocation t(11;19)(q23;p23) with GAS7; translocation t(X;11)(q13;q23) with FOXO4/AFX1. Translocation t(3;11)(q28;q23) with LPP. Translocation t(10;11)(q22;q23) with TET1. Translocation t(9;11)(q34;q23) with DAB2IP. Translocation t(4;11)(p12;q23) with FRYL. Fusion proteins MLL-MLLT1, MLL-MLLT3 and MLL-ELL interact with PPP1R15A and, on the contrary to unfused MLL, inhibit PPP1R15A-induced apoptosis.^[50] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving MLL may be a cause of chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Translocation t(4;11)(q21;q23) with SEPT11.^[51]

Function

[MEN1_HUMAN] Essential component of a MLL/SET1 histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex, a complex that specifically methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4). Functions as a transcriptional regulator. Binds to the TERT promoter and represses telomerase expression. Plays a role in TGFB1-mediated inhibition of cell-proliferation, possibly regulating SMAD3 transcriptional activity. Represses JUND-mediated transcriptional activation on AP1 sites, as well as that mediated by NFKB subunit RELA. Positively regulates HOXC8 and HOXC6 gene expression. May be involved in normal hematopoiesis through the activation of HOXA9 expression (By similarity). May be involved in DNA repair.^{[52] [53] [54] [55] [56]} [MLL1_HUMAN] Histone methyltransferase that plays an essential role in early development and hematopoiesis. Catalytic subunit of the MLL1/MLL complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates both methylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me) complex and acetylation of 'Lys-16' of histone H4 (H4K16ac). In the MLL1/MLL complex, it specifically mediates H3K4me, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Has weak methyltransferase activity by itself, and requires other component of the MLL1/MLL complex to obtain full methyltransferase activity. Has no activity toward histone H3 phosphorylated on 'Thr-3', less activity toward H3 dimethylated on 'Arg-8' or 'Lys-9', while it has higher activity toward H3 acetylated on 'Lys-9'. Required for transcriptional activation of HOXA9. Promotes PPP1R15A-induced apoptosis.^{[57] [58] [59] [60]}

See Also

• Menin

References

1. ↑ Hughes CM, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Milne TA, Copeland TD, Levine SS, Lee JC, Hayes DN, Shanmugam KS, Bhattacharjee A, Biondi CA, Kay GF, Hayward NK, Hess JL, Meyerson M. Menin associates with a trithorax family histone methyltransferase complex and with the hoxc8 locus. Mol Cell. 2004 Feb 27;13(4):587-97. PMID:14992727
2. ↑ Agarwal SK, Guru SC, Heppner C, Erdos MR, Collins RM, Park SY, Saggar S, Chandrasekharappa SC, Collins FS, Spiegel AM, Marx SJ, Burns AL. Menin interacts with the AP1 transcription factor JunD and represses JunD-activated transcription. Cell. 1999 Jan 8;96(1):143-52. PMID:9989505
3. ↑ Chandrasekharappa SC, Guru SC, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Collins FS, Emmert-Buck MR, Debelenko LV, Zhuang Z, Lubensky IA, Liotta LA, Crabtree JS, Wang Y, Roe BA, Weisemann J, Boguski MS, Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Kim YS, Heppner C, Dong Q, Spiegel AM, Burns AL, Marx SJ. Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):404-7. PMID:9103196
4. ↑ Toledo RA, Lourenco DM Jr, Coutinho FL, Quedas E, Mackowiack I, Machado MC, Montenegro F, Cunha-Neto MB, Liberman B, Pereira MA, Correa PH, Toledo SP. Novel MEN1 germline mutations in Brazilian families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Sep;67(3):377-84. Epub 2007 Jun 6. PMID:17555499 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02895.x
5. ↑ Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC, Doppman JL, Kim YS, Lubensky IA, Zhuang Z, Green JS, Guru SC, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Liotta LA, Chandrasekharappa SC, Collins FS, Spiegel AM, Burns AL, Marx SJ. Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Jul;6(7):1169-75. PMID:9215689
6. ↑ Lemmens I, Van de Ven WJ, Kas K, Zhang CX, Giraud S, Wautot V, Buisson N, De Witte K, Salandre J, Lenoir G, Pugeat M, Calender A, Parente F, Quincey D, Gaudray P, De Wit MJ, Lips CJ, Hoppener JW, Khodaei S, Grant AL, Weber G, Kytola S, Teh BT, Farnebo F, Thakker RV, et al.. Identification of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene. The European Consortium on MEN1. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Jul;6(7):1177-83. PMID:9215690
7. ↑ Bassett JH, Forbes SA, Pannett AA, Lloyd SE, Christie PT, Wooding C, Harding B, Besser GM, Edwards CR, Monson JP, Sampson J, Wass JA, Wheeler MH, Thakker RV. Characterization of mutations in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Feb;62(2):232-44. PMID:9463336 doi:10.1086/301729
8. ↑ Giraud S, Zhang CX, Serova-Sinilnikova O, Wautot V, Salandre J, Buisson N, Waterlot C, Bauters C, Porchet N, Aubert JP, Emy P, Cadiot G, Delemer B, Chabre O, Niccoli P, Leprat F, Duron F, Emperauger B, Cougard P, Goudet P, Sarfati E, Riou JP, Guichard S, Rodier M, Meyrier A, Caron P, Vantyghem MC, Assayag M, Peix JL, Pugeat M, Rohmer V, Vallotton M, Lenoir G, Gaudray P, Proye C, Conte-Devolx B, Chanson P, Shugart YY, Goldgar D, Murat A, Calender A. Germ-line mutation analysis in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related disorders. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Aug;63(2):455-67. PMID:9683585 doi:10.1086/301953
9. ↑ Bartsch D, Kopp I, Bergenfelz A, Rieder H, Munch K, Jager K, Deiss Y, Schudy A, Barth P, Arnold R, Rothmund M, Simon B. MEN1 gene mutations in 12 MEN1 families and their associated tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Oct;139(4):416-20. PMID:9820618
10. ↑ Agarwal SK, Debelenko LV, Kester MB, Guru SC, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Skarulis MC, Heppner C, Crabtree JS, Lubensky IA, Zhuang Z, Kim YS, Chandrasekharappa SC, Collins FS, Liotta LA, Spiegel AM, Burns AL, Emmert-Buck MR, Marx SJ. Analysis of recurrent germline mutations in the MEN1 gene encountered in apparently unrelated families. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(2):75-82. PMID:9671267 doi:<75::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-T 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:2<75::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-T
11. ↑ Cote GJ, Lee JE, Evans DB, Huang E, Schultz PN, Dang GT, Qiu H, Shetelbine S, Sellin RV, Gagel RF. Five novel mutations in the familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene. Mutations in brief no. 188. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(3):219. PMID:10660339
12. ↑ Tanaka C, Yoshimoto K, Yamada S, Nishioka H, Ii S, Moritani M, Yamaoka T, Itakura M. Absence of germ-line mutations of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) gene in familial pituitary adenoma in contrast to MEN1 in Japanese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Mar;83(3):960-5. PMID:9506756
13. ↑ Teh BT, Kytola S, Farnebo F, Bergman L, Wong FK, Weber G, Hayward N, Larsson C, Skogseid B, Beckers A, Phelan C, Edwards M, Epstein M, Alford F, Hurley D, Grimmond S, Silins G, Walters M, Stewart C, Cardinal J, Khodaei S, Parente F, Tranebjaerg L, Jorde R, Salmela P, et al.. Mutation analysis of the MEN1 gene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, familial acromegaly and familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2621-6. PMID:9709921
14. ↑ Carling T, Correa P, Hessman O, Hedberg J, Skogseid B, Lindberg D, Rastad J, Westin G, Akerstrom G. Parathyroid MEN1 gene mutations in relation to clinical characteristics of nonfamilial primary hyperparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):2960-3. PMID:9709976
15. ↑ Mayr B, Brabant G, von zur Muhlen A. Menin mutations in MEN1 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug;83(8):3004-5. PMID:9709985
16. ↑ Boni R, Vortmeyer AO, Pack S, Park WS, Burg G, Hofbauer G, Darling T, Liotta L, Zhuang Z. Somatic mutations of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene detected in sporadic angiofibromas. J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Sep;111(3):539-40. PMID:9740255 doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00317.x
17. ↑ Sakurai A, Shirahama S, Fujimori M, Katai M, Itakura Y, Kobayashi S, Amano J, Fukushima Y, Hashizume K. Novel MEN1 gene mutations in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Hum Genet. 1998;43(3):199-201. PMID:9747036 doi:10.1007/s100380050070
18. ↑ Sato M, Matsubara S, Miyauchi A, Ohye H, Imachi H, Murao K, Takahara J. Identification of five novel germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in Japanese multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) families. J Med Genet. 1998 Nov;35(11):915-9. PMID:9832038
19. ↑ Martin-Campos JM, Catasus L, Chico A, Mayoral C, Lagarda E, Gallart L, Mato E, Rodriguez-Espinosa J, Matias-Guiu X, De Leiva A, Blanco-Vaca F. Molecular pathology of multiple endocrine neoplasia type I: two novel germline mutations and updated classification of mutations affecting MEN1 gene. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1999 Dec;8(4):195-204. PMID:10617276
20. ↑ Cetani F, Pardi E, Cianferotti L, Vignali E, Picone A, Miccoli P, Pinchera A, Marcocci C. A new mutation of the MEN1 gene in an italian kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 May;140(5):429-33. PMID:10229909
21. ↑ Hai N, Aoki N, Matsuda A, Mori T, Kosugi S. Germline MEN1 mutations in sixteen Japanese families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 Nov;141(5):475-80. PMID:10576763
22. ↑ Poncin J, Abs R, Velkeniers B, Bonduelle M, Abramowicz M, Legros JJ, Verloes A, Meurisse M, Van Gaal L, Verellen C, Koulischer L, Beckers A. Mutation analysis of the MEN1 gene in Belgian patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related diseases. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(1):54-60. PMID:9888389 doi:<54::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-K 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:1<54::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-K
23. ↑ Mutch MG, Dilley WG, Sanjurjo F, DeBenedetti MK, Doherty GM, Wells SA Jr, Goodfellow PJ, Lairmore TC. Germline mutations in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene: evidence for frequent splicing defects. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(3):175-85. PMID:10090472 doi:<175::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-R 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:3<175::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-R
24. ↑ Engelbach M, Forst T, Hankeln T, Tratzky M, Heerdt S, Pfutzner A, Kann P, Kunt T, Schneider S, Schmidt ER, Beyer J. Germline mutations in the MEN1 gene: creation of a new splice acceptor site and insertion of 7 intron nucleotides into the mRNA. Int J Mol Med. 1999 Nov;4(5):483-5. PMID:10534569
25. ↑ Bergman L, Teh B, Cardinal J, Palmer J, Walters M, Shepherd J, Cameron D, Hayward N. Identification of MEN1 gene mutations in families with MEN 1 and related disorders. Br J Cancer. 2000 Oct;83(8):1009-14. PMID:10993647 doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1380
26. ↑ Roijers JF, de Wit MJ, van der Luijt RB, Ploos van Amstel HK, Hoppener JW, Lips CJ. Criteria for mutation analysis in MEN 1-suspected patients: MEN 1 case-finding. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Jun;30(6):487-92. PMID:10849016
27. ↑ Morelli A, Falchetti A, Martineti V, Becherini L, Mark M, Friedman E, Brandi ML. MEN1 gene mutation analysis in Italian patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000 Feb;142(2):131-7. PMID:10664520
28. ↑ Weinhaeusel A, Vierhapper H, Schlegl R, Wagner T, Muhr D, Scheuba C, Niederle B, Haas OA. A novel mutation E179K of the MEN1 gene predisposes for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 (MEN1). Hum Mutat. 2000 Dec;16(6):533. PMID:11102994 doi:<533::AID-HUMU22>3.0.CO;2-5 10.1002/1098-1004(200012)16:6<533::AID-HUMU22>3.0.CO;2-5
29. ↑ Stratakis CA, Schussheim DH, Freedman SM, Keil MF, Pack SD, Agarwal SK, Skarulis MC, Weil RJ, Lubensky IA, Zhuang Z, Oldfield EH, Marx SJ. Pituitary macroadenoma in a 5-year-old: an early expression of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;85(12):4776-80. PMID:11134142
30. ↑ Asteria C, Faglia G, Roncoroni R, Borretta G, Ribotto P, Beck-Peccoz P. Identification of three novel menin mutations (c.741delGTCA, c.1348T>C, c.1785delA) in unrelated Italian families affected with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: Additional information for mutational screening. Hum Mutat. 2001 Mar;17(3):237. PMID:11241849 doi:10.1002/humu.12
31. ↑ Wautot V, Vercherat C, Lespinasse J, Chambe B, Lenoir GM, Zhang CX, Porchet N, Cordier M, Beroud C, Calender A. Germline mutation profile of MEN1 in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: search for correlation between phenotype and the functional domains of the MEN1 protein. Hum Mutat. 2002 Jul;20(1):35-47. PMID:12112656 doi:10.1002/humu.10092
32. ↑ Okamoto H, Tamada A, Hai N, Doi M, Uchimura I, Hirata Y, Kosugi S. A novel six-nucleotide insertion in exon 4 of the MEN1 gene, 878insCTGCAG, in three patients with familial insulinoma and primary hyperparathyroidism. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2002 Sep;32(9):368-70. PMID:12417605
33. ↑ Turner JJ, Leotlela PD, Pannett AA, Forbes SA, Bassett JH, Harding B, Christie PT, Bowen-Jones D, Ellard S, Hattersley A, Jackson CE, Pope R, Quarrell OW, Trembath R, Thakker RV. Frequent occurrence of an intron 4 mutation in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2688-93. PMID:12050235
34. ↑ Pannett AA, Kennedy AM, Turner JJ, Forbes SA, Cavaco BM, Bassett JH, Cianferotti L, Harding B, Shine B, Flinter F, Maidment CG, Trembath R, Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) germline mutations in familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 May;58(5):639-46. PMID:12699448
35. ↑ Park JH, Kim IJ, Kang HC, Lee SH, Shin Y, Kim KH, Lim SB, Kang SB, Lee K, Kim SY, Lee MS, Lee MK, Park JH, Moon SD, Park JG. Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in Korean families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or MEN1-related disorders. Clin Genet. 2003 Jul;64(1):48-53. PMID:12791038
36. ↑ Crepin M, Escande F, Pigny P, Buisine MP, Calender A, Porchet N, Odou MF. Efficient mutation detection in MEN1 gene using a combination of single-strand conformation polymorphism (MDGA) and heteroduplex analysis. Electrophoresis. 2003 Jan;24(1-2):26-33. PMID:12652570 doi:10.1002/elps.200390023
37. ↑ Ukita C, Yamaguchi M, Tanaka T, Shigeta H, Nishikawa M. A novel missense mutation of the MEN1 gene in a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 patient associated with carcinoid syndrome. Intern Med. 2003 Nov;42(11):1112-6. PMID:14686752
38. ↑ Cebrian A, Ruiz-Llorente S, Cascon A, Pollan M, Diez JJ, Pico A, Telleria D, Benitez J, Robledo M. Mutational and gross deletion study of the MEN1 gene and correlation with clinical features in Spanish patients. J Med Genet. 2003 May;40(5):e72. PMID:12746426
39. ↑ Jap TS, Chiu CY, Won JG, Wu YC, Chen HS. Novel mutations in the MEN1 gene in subjects with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Mar;62(3):336-42. PMID:15730416 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02219.x
40. ↑ Klein RD, Salih S, Bessoni J, Bale AE. Clinical testing for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in a DNA diagnostic laboratory. Genet Med. 2005 Feb;7(2):131-8. PMID:15714081 doi:10.109701.GIM.0000153663.62300.F8
41. ↑ Poncin J, Abs R, Velkeniers B, Bonduelle M, Abramowicz M, Legros JJ, Verloes A, Meurisse M, Van Gaal L, Verellen C, Koulischer L, Beckers A. Mutation analysis of the MEN1 gene in Belgian patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related diseases. Hum Mutat. 1999;13(1):54-60. PMID:9888389 doi:<54::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-K 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1999)13:1<54::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-K
42. ↑ Pannett AA, Kennedy AM, Turner JJ, Forbes SA, Cavaco BM, Bassett JH, Cianferotti L, Harding B, Shine B, Flinter F, Maidment CG, Trembath R, Thakker RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) germline mutations in familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 May;58(5):639-46. PMID:12699448
43. ↑ Teh BT, Esapa CT, Houlston R, Grandell U, Farnebo F, Nordenskjold M, Pearce CJ, Carmichael D, Larsson C, Harris PE. A family with isolated hyperparathyroidism segregating a missense MEN1 mutation and showing loss of the wild-type alleles in the parathyroid tumors. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Nov;63(5):1544-9. PMID:9792884 doi:10.1086/302097
44. ↑ Fujimori M, Shirahama S, Sakurai A, Hashizume K, Hama Y, Ito K, Shingu K, Kobayashi S, Amano J, Fukushima Y. Novel V184E MEN1 germline mutation in a Japanese kindred with familial hyperparathyroidism. Am J Med Genet. 1998 Nov 16;80(3):221-2. PMID:9843042
45. ↑ Honda M, Tsukada T, Tanaka H, Maruyama K, Yamaguchi K, Obara T, Yamaji T, Ishibashi M. A novel mutation of the MEN1 gene in a Japanese kindred with familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000 Feb;142(2):138-43. PMID:10664521
46. ↑ Kassem M, Kruse TA, Wong FK, Larsson C, Teh BT. Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism as a variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 in a large Danish pedigree. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;85(1):165-7. PMID:10634381
47. ↑ Perrier ND, Villablanca A, Larsson C, Wong M, Ituarte P, Teh BT, Clark OH. Genetic screening for MEN1 mutations in families presenting with familial primary hyperparathyroidism. World J Surg. 2002 Aug;26(8):907-13. Epub 2002 May 21. PMID:12016470 doi:10.1007/s00268-002-6617-9
48. ↑ Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, Kussick SJ, Payne JM, Fornace AJ Jr, Tkachuk DC. Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;19(10):7050-60. PMID:10490642
49. ↑ Jones WD, Dafou D, McEntagart M, Woollard WJ, Elmslie FV, Holder-Espinasse M, Irving M, Saggar AK, Smithson S, Trembath RC, Deshpande C, Simpson MA. De novo mutations in MLL cause Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Aug 10;91(2):358-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.06.008. Epub, 2012 Jul 12. PMID:22795537 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.06.008
50. ↑ Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, Kussick SJ, Payne JM, Fornace AJ Jr, Tkachuk DC. Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;19(10):7050-60. PMID:10490642
51. ↑ Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, Kussick SJ, Payne JM, Fornace AJ Jr, Tkachuk DC. Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;19(10):7050-60. PMID:10490642
52. ↑ Heppner C, Bilimoria KY, Agarwal SK, Kester M, Whitty LJ, Guru SC, Chandrasekharappa SC, Collins FS, Spiegel AM, Marx SJ, Burns AL. The tumor suppressor protein menin interacts with NF-kappaB proteins and inhibits NF-kappaB-mediated transactivation. Oncogene. 2001 Aug 16;20(36):4917-25. PMID:11526476 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204529
53. ↑ Kaji H, Canaff L, Lebrun JJ, Goltzman D, Hendy GN. Inactivation of menin, a Smad3-interacting protein, blocks transforming growth factor type beta signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Mar 27;98(7):3837-42. Epub 2001 Mar 13. PMID:11274402 doi:10.1073/pnas.061358098
54. ↑ Jin S, Mao H, Schnepp RW, Sykes SM, Silva AC, D'Andrea AD, Hua X. Menin associates with FANCD2, a protein involved in repair of DNA damage. Cancer Res. 2003 Jul 15;63(14):4204-10. PMID:12874027
55. ↑ Lin SY, Elledge SJ. Multiple tumor suppressor pathways negatively regulate telomerase. Cell. 2003 Jun 27;113(7):881-9. PMID:12837246
56. ↑ Hughes CM, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Milne TA, Copeland TD, Levine SS, Lee JC, Hayes DN, Shanmugam KS, Bhattacharjee A, Biondi CA, Kay GF, Hayward NK, Hess JL, Meyerson M. Menin associates with a trithorax family histone methyltransferase complex and with the hoxc8 locus. Mol Cell. 2004 Feb 27;13(4):587-97. PMID:14992727
57. ↑ Adler HT, Chinery R, Wu DY, Kussick SJ, Payne JM, Fornace AJ Jr, Tkachuk DC. Leukemic HRX fusion proteins inhibit GADD34-induced apoptosis and associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Oct;19(10):7050-60. PMID:10490642
58. ↑ Nakamura T, Mori T, Tada S, Krajewski W, Rozovskaia T, Wassell R, Dubois G, Mazo A, Croce CM, Canaani E. ALL-1 is a histone methyltransferase that assembles a supercomplex of proteins involved in transcriptional regulation. Mol Cell. 2002 Nov;10(5):1119-28. PMID:12453419
59. ↑ Dou Y, Milne TA, Tackett AJ, Smith ER, Fukuda A, Wysocka J, Allis CD, Chait BT, Hess JL, Roeder RG. Physical association and coordinate function of the H3 K4 methyltransferase MLL1 and the H4 K16 acetyltransferase MOF. Cell. 2005 Jun 17;121(6):873-85. PMID:15960975 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.031
60. ↑ Patel A, Dharmarajan V, Vought VE, Cosgrove MS. On the mechanism of multiple lysine methylation by the human mixed lineage leukemia protein-1 (MLL1) core complex. J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 4;284(36):24242-56. Epub 2009 Jun 25. PMID:19556245 doi:M109.014498
61. ↑ Shi A, Murai MJ, He S, Lund G, Hartley T, Purohit T, Reddy G, Chruszcz M, Grembecka J, Cierpicki T. Structural insights into inhibition of the bivalent menin-MLL interaction by small molecules in leukemia. Blood. 2012 Aug 30. PMID:22936661 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-05-429274