Sandbox Reserved 1241

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This Sandbox is Reserved from Jan 17 through June 31, 2017 for use in the course Biochemistry II taught by Jason Telford at the Maryville University, St. Louis, USA. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1225 through Sandbox Reserved 1244.

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Contents 1 New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) 2 Function 3 Spread 4 References

New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase-1 (NDM-1)

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1) is a known enzyme that causes bacteria resistance against a large range of β-lactam antibiotic drugs. β-lactam antibiotics act by inhibiting the synthesis of cell wall layers and because the bacteria are unable to form cell walls they undergo lysis [1]. NDM-1, however, hydrolyzes the amide bond and inactivates the β-lactam antibiotics and allows the bacterial infections to thrive [2].

NDM-1 refers to a transmissible genetic element encoding multiple resistance genes. The gene from NDM-1 is capable of spreading from one strain of bacteria to a different strain through the use of horizontal gene transfer [3]. The initial strain, was isolated from a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae that was obtained from a Swedish patient who acquired a urinary tract infection while traveling in New Delhi, India in 2008 [4]. Consequently, NDM-1has been found in organisms containing the genetic element throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the United Kingdom [5], Japan [6], and the United States.

Function

New Delhi metallo- β -lactamase 1 has the capability of making bacteria resistant to a variety of β-lactam antibiotics, including the mainstay antibiotics that can treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. These mainstay antibiotics include the carbapenem family antibiotics which are extremely powerful drugs that can fight highly resistant bacteria [1]. Carbapenems work by inhibiting the synthesis of cell wall layers in bacteria. The gene, blaNDM-1, produces NDM-1 (a carbapenemase beta-lactamase) that can hydrolyze and inactivate the carbapenem antibiotics [7]. The resistance that blaNDM-1 confers, aids in the expansion of the bacteria that carries the gene throughout the human host.

Spread

NDM-1 was discovered to have originated in India [4]. The enzyme has been found in different water sources throughout India [8]. New Delhi metallo- β -lactamase 1has since spread to other countries by people who have spent some amount of time in India [8]. NDM-1 has confirmed cases in Australia, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, as well as a few other places [5].

NDM-1’s genetic code is able to spread from one bacteria strain to another through the use of horizontal gene transfer [3]. This is a major concern because the new antibiotic-resistant infections could immerge from the NDM-1 enzyme and become untreatable. 

Currently, patients who have obtained the New Delhi metallo- β -lactamase 1 enzyme are treated on a case-by-case basis with different combinations of medications. The only way to fight the spread of NDM-1 is through quick identification, isolation, disinfection, and proper hygiene.

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References

Saini, Avneet, and Rohit Bansal. “Insights on the Structural Characteristics of NDM-1: The Journey so Far.” Advances in Biological Chemistry 02.04 (2012): 323-34. Web. Green, V.I., A. Verma, F.j. Owens, S.e.v. Phillips, and S.b. Carr. “Structure of New Delhi Metallo-Beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1).” (2011): n. pag. Web.. Hudson, Corey; Bent, Zachary; Meagher, Robert; Williams, Kelly. “Resistance Determinates and Mobile Genetic Elements of an NDM-1-Encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain.” (2014).Web. Yong D, Tolman MA, Giske CG, Cho HS, Sundman K, Lee K, Walsh TR. “Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla (NDM-1), and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India.” (2009). Moellering, Robert C. “NDM-1-A Cause for Worldwide Concern.” The New England Journal of Medicine. 363.25 (2010): 2377-379.Web. Shino Yuasa. “Japan confirms first case of superbug gene.” (2010). Web. Queenan AM, Bush K. “Carbapenemases: The versatile beta-lactamases.” (2007). Sinhai, Kounteya. “New Delhi superbug spreads to 70 countries across the world.” The Times of India. (2015). Ferguson, J.A., Makena, A., Brem, J., McDonough, A.M., Schofield, C.J., TO BE PUBULISHED.4TZ9. (2015).