4yn0

Structural highlights

Function

[TNR21_MOUSE] Promotes apoptosis, possibly via a pathway that involves the activation of NF-kappa-B. Can also promote apoptosis mediated by BAX and by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Plays a role in neuronal apoptosis, including apoptosis in response to amyloid peptides derived from APP, and is required for both normal cell body death and axonal pruning. Trophic-factor deprivation triggers the cleavage of surface APP by beta-secretase to release sAPP-beta which is further cleaved to release an N-terminal fragment of APP (N-APP). N-APP binds TNFRSF21; this triggers caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6). Negatively regulates oligodendrocyte survival, maturation and myelination. Plays a role in signaling cascades triggered by stimulation of T-cell receptors, in the adaptive immune response and in the regulation of T-cell differentiation and proliferation. Negatively regulates T-cell responses and the release of cytokines such as IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13 and IFNG by Th2 cells. Negatively regulates the production of IgG, IgM and IgM in response to antigens. May inhibit the activation of JNK in response to T-cell stimulation.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]} [A4_MOUSE] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibit Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. May be involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV (By similarity). The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons (By similarity). Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.^[7] Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Binds transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. Rat and mouse beta-amyloid peptides bind only weakly transient metals and have little reducing activity due to substitutions of transient metal chelating residues. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts (By similarity).^[8] The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.^[9] N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6) (By similarity).^[10]

See Also

• Tumor necrosis factor receptor

References

1. ↑ Liu J, Na S, Glasebrook A, Fox N, Solenberg PJ, Zhang Q, Song HY, Yang DD. Enhanced CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production in DR6-deficient mice. Immunity. 2001 Jul;15(1):23-34. PMID:11485735
2. ↑ Zhao H, Yan M, Wang H, Erickson S, Grewal IS, Dixit VM. Impaired c-Jun amino terminal kinase activity and T cell differentiation in death receptor 6-deficient mice. J Exp Med. 2001 Nov 19;194(10):1441-8. PMID:11714751
3. ↑ Schmidt CS, Liu J, Zhang T, Song HY, Sandusky G, Mintze K, Benschop RJ, Glasebrook A, Yang DD, Na S. Enhanced B cell expansion, survival, and humoral responses by targeting death receptor 6. J Exp Med. 2003 Jan 6;197(1):51-62. PMID:12515813
4. ↑ Nikolaev A, McLaughlin T, O'Leary DD, Tessier-Lavigne M. APP binds DR6 to trigger axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases. Nature. 2009 Feb 19;457(7232):981-9. PMID:19225519 doi:10.1038/nature07767
5. ↑ Mi S, Lee X, Hu Y, Ji B, Shao Z, Yang W, Huang G, Walus L, Rhodes K, Gong BJ, Miller RH, Pepinsky RB. Death receptor 6 negatively regulates oligodendrocyte survival, maturation and myelination. Nat Med. 2011 Jul 3;17(7):816-21. doi: 10.1038/nm.2373. PMID:21725297 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.2373
6. ↑ Hu Y, Lee X, Shao Z, Apicco D, Huang G, Gong BJ, Pepinsky RB, Mi S. A DR6/p75(NTR) complex is responsible for beta-amyloid-induced cortical neuron death. Cell Death Dis. 2013 Apr 4;4:e579. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.110. PMID:23559013 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2013.110
7. ↑ Cappai R, Cheng F, Ciccotosto GD, Needham BE, Masters CL, Multhaup G, Fransson LA, Mani K. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer disease and its paralog, APLP2, modulate the Cu/Zn-Nitric Oxide-catalyzed degradation of glypican-1 heparan sulfate in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8;280(14):13913-20. Epub 2005 Jan 27. PMID:15677459 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409179200
8. ↑ Cappai R, Cheng F, Ciccotosto GD, Needham BE, Masters CL, Multhaup G, Fransson LA, Mani K. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer disease and its paralog, APLP2, modulate the Cu/Zn-Nitric Oxide-catalyzed degradation of glypican-1 heparan sulfate in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8;280(14):13913-20. Epub 2005 Jan 27. PMID:15677459 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409179200
9. ↑ Cappai R, Cheng F, Ciccotosto GD, Needham BE, Masters CL, Multhaup G, Fransson LA, Mani K. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer disease and its paralog, APLP2, modulate the Cu/Zn-Nitric Oxide-catalyzed degradation of glypican-1 heparan sulfate in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8;280(14):13913-20. Epub 2005 Jan 27. PMID:15677459 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409179200
10. ↑ Cappai R, Cheng F, Ciccotosto GD, Needham BE, Masters CL, Multhaup G, Fransson LA, Mani K. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer disease and its paralog, APLP2, modulate the Cu/Zn-Nitric Oxide-catalyzed degradation of glypican-1 heparan sulfate in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8;280(14):13913-20. Epub 2005 Jan 27. PMID:15677459 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409179200
11. ↑ Xu K, Olsen O, Tzvetkova-Robev D, Tessier-Lavigne M, Nikolov DB. The crystal structure of DR6 in complex with the amyloid precursor protein provides insight into death receptor activation. Genes Dev. 2015 Apr 2. PMID:25838500 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.257675.114