4w4x
From Proteopedia
JNK2/3 in complex with 3-(4-{[(4-fluorophenyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)benzamide
Structural highlights
Disease[MK10_HUMAN] Defects in MAPK10 are a cause of epileptic encephalopathy Lennox-Gastaut type (EELG) [MIM:606369]. Epileptic encephalopathies of the Lennox-Gastaut group are childhood epileptic disorders characterized by severe psychomotor delay and seizures. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving MAPK10 has been found in a single patient. Translocation t(Y;4)(q11.2;q21) which causes MAPK10 truncation. Function[MK10_HUMAN] Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as neuronal proliferation, differentiation, migration and programmed cell death. Extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines or physical stress stimulate the stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathway. In this cascade, two dual specificity kinases MAP2K4/MKK4 and MAP2K7/MKK7 phosphorylate and activate MAPK10/JNK3. In turn, MAPK10/JNK3 phosphorylates a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as JUN and ATF2 and thus regulates AP-1 transcriptional activity. Plays regulatory roles in the signaling pathways during neuronal apoptosis. Phosphorylates the neuronal microtubule regulator STMN2. Acts in the regulation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein/APP signaling during neuronal differentiation by phosphorylating APP. Participates also in neurite growth in spiral ganglion neurons.[1] Publication Abstract from PubMedThree JNK isoforms, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3 have been reported and unique biological function has been ascribed to each. It is unknown if selective inhibition of these isoforms would confer therapeutic or safety benefit. To probe JNK isoform function we designed JNK2/3 inhibitors that have >30-fold selectivity over JNK1. Utilizing site-directed mutagenesis and x-ray crystallography we identified L144 in JNK3 as a key residue for selectivity. To test whether JNK2/3 selective inhibitors protect human dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, we monitored reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The results showed that JNK2/3 selective inhibitors protected against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced ROS generation and MMP depolarization. These results suggest that it was possible to develop JNK2/3 selective inhibitors and that residues in hydrophobic pocket I were responsible for selectivity. Moreover, the findings also suggest that inhibition of JNK2/3 likely contributed to protecting mitochondrial function and prevented ultimate cell death. Structural Basis and Biological Consequences for JNK2/3 Isoform Selective Aminopyrazoles.,Park H, Iqbal S, Hernandez P, Mora R, Zheng K, Feng Y, LoGrasso P Sci Rep. 2015 Jan 27;5:8047. doi: 10.1038/srep08047. PMID:25623238[2] From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. References
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