| Structural highlights
Disease
[WT1_HUMAN] Defects in WT1 are the cause of Frasier syndrome (FS) [MIM:136680]. FS is characterized by a slowly progressing nephropathy leading to renal failure in adolescence or early adulthood, male pseudohermaphroditism, and no Wilms tumor. As for histological findings of the kidneys, focal glomerular sclerosis is often observed. There is phenotypic overlap with Denys-Drash syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant.[1] Defects in WT1 are the cause of Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [MIM:194070]. WT is an embryonal malignancy of the kidney that affects approximately 1 in 10'000 infants and young children. It occurs both in sporadic and hereditary forms.[2] [3] [4] [5] Defects in WT1 are the cause of Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS) [MIM:194080]. DDS is a typical nephropathy characterized by diffuse mesangial sclerosis, genital abnormalities, and/or Wilms tumor. There is phenotypic overlap with WAGR syndrome and Frasier syndrome. Inheritance is autosomal dominant, but most cases are sporadic.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Defects in WT1 are the cause of nephrotic syndrome type 4 (NPHS4) [MIM:256370]. A renal disease characterized clinically by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. Kidney biopsies show non-specific histologic changes such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and diffuse mesangial proliferation. Some affected individuals have an inherited steroid-resistant form and progress to end-stage renal failure. Most patients with NPHS4 show diffuse mesangial sclerosis on renal biopsy, which is a pathologic entity characterized by mesangial matrix expansion with no mesangial hypercellularity, hypertrophy of the podocytes, vacuolized podocytes, thickened basement membranes, and diminished patency of the capillary lumen.[23] [24] [25] [26] Defects in WT1 are a cause of Meacham syndrome (MEACHS) [MIM:608978]. Meacham syndrome is a rare sporadically occurring multiple malformation syndrome characterized by male pseudohermaphroditism with abnormal internal female genitalia comprising a uterus and double or septate vagina, complex congenital heart defect and diaphragmatic abnormalities.[27] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving WT1 may be a cause of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT). Translocation t(11;22)(p13;q12) with EWSR1. Defects in WT1 may be a cause of mesothelioma malignant (MESOM) [MIM:156240]. An aggressive neoplasm of the serosal lining of the chest. It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos.[28]
Function
[WT1_HUMAN] Transcription factor that plays an important role in cellular development and cell survival. Regulates the expression of numerous target genes, including EPO. Plays an essential role for development of the urogenital system. Recognizes and binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CGCCCCCGC-3'. It has a tumor suppressor as well as an oncogenic role in tumor formation. Function may be isoform-specific: isoforms lacking the KTS motif may act as transcription factors. Isoforms containing the KTS motif may bind mRNA and play a role in mRNA metabolism or splicing. Isoform 1 has lower affinity for DNA, and can bind RNA.[29] [30]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Mutations in human zinc-finger transcription factor WT1 result in abnormal development of the kidneys and genitalia and an array of pediatric problems including nephropathy, blastoma, gonadal dysgenesis and genital discordance. Several overlapping phenotypes are associated with WT1 mutations, including Wilms tumors, Denys-Drash syndrome (DDS), Frasier syndrome (FS) and WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformations, and mental retardation). These conditions vary in severity from individual to individual; they can be fatal in early childhood, or relatively benign into adulthood. DDS mutations cluster predominantly in zinc fingers (ZF) 2 and 3 at the C-terminus of WT1, which together with ZF4 determine the sequence-specificity of DNA binding. We examined three DDS associated mutations in ZF2 of human WT1 where the normal glutamine at position 369 is replaced by arginine (Q369R), lysine (Q369K) or histidine (Q369H). These mutations alter the sequence-specificity of ZF2, we find, changing its affinity for certain bases and certain epigenetic forms of cytosine. X-ray crystallography of the DNA binding domains of normal WT1, Q369R and Q369H in complex with preferred sequences revealed the molecular interactions responsible for these affinity changes. DDS is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, implying a gain of function by mutant WT1 proteins. This gain, we speculate, might derive from the ability of the mutant proteins to sequester WT1 into unproductive oligomers, or to erroneously bind to variant target sequences.
Denys-Drash syndrome associated WT1 glutamine 369 mutants have altered sequence-preferences and altered responses to epigenetic modifications.,Hashimoto H, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wilson GG, Cheng X Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Sep 4. pii: gkw766. PMID:27596598[31]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Kohsaka T, Tagawa M, Takekoshi Y, Yanagisawa H, Tadokoro K, Yamada M. Exon 9 mutations in the WT1 gene, without influencing KTS splice isoforms, are also responsible for Frasier syndrome. Hum Mutat. 1999;14(6):466-70. PMID:10571943 doi:<466::AID-HUMU4>3.0.CO;2-6 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(199912)14:6<466::AID-HUMU4>3.0.CO;2-6
- ↑ Little MH, Prosser J, Condie A, Smith PJ, Van Heyningen V, Hastie ND. Zinc finger point mutations within the WT1 gene in Wilms tumor patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 1;89(11):4791-5. PMID:1317572
- ↑ Schumacher V, Schneider S, Figge A, Wildhardt G, Harms D, Schmidt D, Weirich A, Ludwig R, Royer-Pokora B. Correlation of germ-line mutations and two-hit inactivation of the WT1 gene with Wilms tumors of stromal-predominant histology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Apr 15;94(8):3972-7. PMID:9108089
- ↑ Jeanpierre C, Denamur E, Henry I, Cabanis MO, Luce S, Cecille A, Elion J, Peuchmaur M, Loirat C, Niaudet P, Gubler MC, Junien C. Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations, in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and analysis of genotype/phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Apr;62(4):824-33. PMID:9529364 doi:S0002-9297(07)60974-4
- ↑ Royer-Pokora B, Beier M, Henzler M, Alam R, Schumacher V, Weirich A, Huff V. Twenty-four new cases of WT1 germline mutations and review of the literature: genotype/phenotype correlations for Wilms tumor development. Am J Med Genet A. 2004 Jun 15;127A(3):249-57. PMID:15150775 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.30015
- ↑ Jeanpierre C, Denamur E, Henry I, Cabanis MO, Luce S, Cecille A, Elion J, Peuchmaur M, Loirat C, Niaudet P, Gubler MC, Junien C. Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations, in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and analysis of genotype/phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Apr;62(4):824-33. PMID:9529364 doi:S0002-9297(07)60974-4
- ↑ Pelletier J, Bruening W, Kashtan CE, Mauer SM, Manivel JC, Striegel JE, Houghton DC, Junien C, Habib R, Fouser L, et al.. Germline mutations in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene are associated with abnormal urogenital development in Denys-Drash syndrome. Cell. 1991 Oct 18;67(2):437-47. PMID:1655284
- ↑ Bruening W, Bardeesy N, Silverman BL, Cohn RA, Machin GA, Aronson AJ, Housman D, Pelletier J. Germline intronic and exonic mutations in the Wilms' tumour gene (WT1) affecting urogenital development. Nat Genet. 1992 May;1(2):144-8. PMID:1302008 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0592-144
- ↑ Baird PN, Santos A, Groves N, Jadresic L, Cowell JK. Constitutional mutations in the WT1 gene in patients with Denys-Drash syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Aug;1(5):301-5. PMID:1338906
- ↑ Little MH, Williamson KA, Mannens M, Kelsey A, Gosden C, Hastie ND, van Heyningen V. Evidence that WT1 mutations in Denys-Drash syndrome patients may act in a dominant-negative fashion. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Mar;2(3):259-64. PMID:8388765
- ↑ Baird PN, Cowell JK. A novel zinc finger mutation in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Dec;2(12):2193-4. PMID:8111391
- ↑ Tsuda M, Sakiyama T, Kitagawa T, Watanabe S, Watanabe T, Takahashi S, Kawaguchi H, Ito K. Molecular analysis of two Japanese cases of Denys-Drash syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(5):876-80. PMID:8295405
- ↑ Clarkson PA, Davies HR, Williams DM, Chaudhary R, Hughes IA, Patterson MN. Mutational screening of the Wilms's tumour gene, WT1, in males with genital abnormalities. J Med Genet. 1993 Sep;30(9):767-72. PMID:8411073
- ↑ Nordenskjold A, Friedman E, Anvret M. WT1 mutations in patients with Denys-Drash syndrome: a novel mutation in exon 8 and paternal allele origin. Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;93(2):115-20. PMID:8112732
- ↑ Tsuda M, Sakiyama T, Owada M, Chiba Y. A newly identified exonic mutation of the WT1 gene in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1996 Jun;38(3):265-6. PMID:8741319
- ↑ Ghahremani M, Chan CB, Bistritzer T, Aladjem MM, Tieder M, Pelletier J. A novel mutation H373Y in the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene, WT1, associated with Denys-Drash syndrome. Hum Hered. 1996 Nov-Dec;46(6):336-8. PMID:8956030
- ↑ Kikuchi H, Takata A, Akasaka Y, Fukuzawa R, Yoneyama H, Kurosawa Y, Honda M, Kamiyama Y, Hata J. Do intronic mutations affecting splicing of WT1 exon 9 cause Frasier syndrome? J Med Genet. 1998 Jan;35(1):45-8. PMID:9475094
- ↑ Little M, Carman G, Donaldson E. Novel WT1 exon 9 mutation (D396Y) in a patient with early onset Denys Drash syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2000 Apr;15(4):389. PMID:10738002 doi:<389::AID-HUMU29>3.0.CO;2-E 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200004)15:4<389::AID-HUMU29>3.0.CO;2-E
- ↑ Takata A, Kikuchi H, Fukuzawa R, Ito S, Honda M, Hata J. Constitutional WT1 correlate with clinical features in children with progressive nephropathy. J Med Genet. 2000 Sep;37(9):698-701. PMID:11182928
- ↑ Ohta S, Ozawa T, Izumino K, Sakuragawa N, Fuse H. A novel missense mutation of the Wt1 gene causing Denys-Drash syndrome with exceptionally mild renal manifestations. J Urol. 2000 Jun;163(6):1857-8. PMID:10799199
- ↑ Swiatecka-Urban A, Mokrzycki MH, Kaskel F, Da Silva F, Denamur E. Novel WT1 mutation (C388Y) in a female child with Denys-Drash syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001 Aug;16(8):627-30. PMID:11519891
- ↑ Hu M, Craig J, Howard N, Kan A, Chaitow J, Little D, Alexander SI. A novel mutation of WT1 exon 9 in a patient with Denys-Drash syndrome and pyloric stenosis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004 Oct;19(10):1160-3. Epub 2004 Jul 28. PMID:15349765 doi:10.1007/s00467-004-1564-3
- ↑ Jeanpierre C, Denamur E, Henry I, Cabanis MO, Luce S, Cecille A, Elion J, Peuchmaur M, Loirat C, Niaudet P, Gubler MC, Junien C. Identification of constitutional WT1 mutations, in patients with isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis, and analysis of genotype/phenotype correlations by use of a computerized mutation database. Am J Hum Genet. 1998 Apr;62(4):824-33. PMID:9529364 doi:S0002-9297(07)60974-4
- ↑ Takata A, Kikuchi H, Fukuzawa R, Ito S, Honda M, Hata J. Constitutional WT1 correlate with clinical features in children with progressive nephropathy. J Med Genet. 2000 Sep;37(9):698-701. PMID:11182928
- ↑ Schumacher V, Scharer K, Wuhl E, Altrogge H, Bonzel KE, Guschmann M, Neuhaus TJ, Pollastro RM, Kuwertz-Broking E, Bulla M, Tondera AM, Mundel P, Helmchen U, Waldherr R, Weirich A, Royer-Pokora B. Spectrum of early onset nephrotic syndrome associated with WT1 missense mutations. Kidney Int. 1998 Jun;53(6):1594-600. PMID:9607189 doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00948.x
- ↑ Ruf RG, Schultheiss M, Lichtenberger A, Karle SM, Zalewski I, Mucha B, Everding AS, Neuhaus T, Patzer L, Plank C, Haas JP, Ozaltin F, Imm A, Fuchshuber A, Bakkaloglu A, Hildebrandt F. Prevalence of WT1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 2004 Aug;66(2):564-70. PMID:15253707 doi:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00775.x
- ↑ Suri M, Kelehan P, O'neill D, Vadeyar S, Grant J, Ahmed SF, Tolmie J, McCann E, Lam W, Smith S, Fitzpatrick D, Hastie ND, Reardon W. WT1 mutations in Meacham syndrome suggest a coelomic mesothelial origin of the cardiac and diaphragmatic malformations. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Oct 1;143A(19):2312-20. PMID:17853480 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31924
- ↑ Park S, Schalling M, Bernard A, Maheswaran S, Shipley GC, Roberts D, Fletcher J, Shipman R, Rheinwald J, Demetri G, et al.. The Wilms tumour gene WT1 is expressed in murine mesoderm-derived tissues and mutated in a human mesothelioma. Nat Genet. 1993 Aug;4(4):415-20. PMID:8401592 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0893-415
- ↑ Weiss TC, Romaniuk PJ. Contribution of individual amino acids to the RNA binding activity of the Wilms' tumor suppressor protein WT1. Biochemistry. 2009 Jan 13;48(1):148-55. doi: 10.1021/bi801586a. PMID:19123921 doi:10.1021/bi801586a
- ↑ Rivera MN, Kim WJ, Wells J, Stone A, Burger A, Coffman EJ, Zhang J, Haber DA. The tumor suppressor WTX shuttles to the nucleus and modulates WT1 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 19;106(20):8338-43. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.0811349106. Epub 2009 May 4. PMID:19416806 doi:10.1073/pnas.0811349106
- ↑ Hashimoto H, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Wilson GG, Cheng X. Denys-Drash syndrome associated WT1 glutamine 369 mutants have altered sequence-preferences and altered responses to epigenetic modifications. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Sep 4. pii: gkw766. PMID:27596598 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw766
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