1cxz

Structural highlights

Function

[RHOA_HUMAN] Regulates a signal transduction pathway linking plasma membrane receptors to the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. Involved in a microtubule-dependent signal that is required for the myosin contractile ring formation during cell cycle cytokinesis. Plays an essential role in cleavage furrow formation. Required for the apical junction formation of keratinocyte cell-cell adhesion. Serves as a target for the yopT cysteine peptidase from Yersinia pestis, vector of the plague, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, which causes gastrointestinal disorders. Stimulates PKN2 kinase activity. May be an activator of PLCE1. Activated by ARHGEF2, which promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP. Essential for the SPATA13-mediated regulation of cell migration and adhesion assembly and disassembly. The MEMO1-RHOA-DIAPH1 signaling pathway plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. It controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, via the regulation of GSK3B activity. In turn, membrane-bound APC allows the localization of the MACF1 to the cell membrane, which is required for microtubule capture and stabilization.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]} [PKN1_HUMAN] PKC-related serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in various processes such as regulation of the intermediate filaments of the actin cytoskeleton, cell migration, tumor cell invasion and transcription regulation. Regulates the cytoskeletal network by phosphorylating proteins such as VIM and neurofilament proteins NEFH, NEFL and NEFM, leading to inhibit their polymerization. Phosphorylates 'Ser-575', 'Ser-637' and 'Ser-669' of MAPT/Tau, lowering its ability to bind to microtubules, resulting in disruption of tubulin assembly. Acts as a key coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Thr-11' of histone H3 (H3T11ph), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation that promotes demethylation of histone H3 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) by KDM4C/JMJD2C. Phosphorylates HDAC5, HDAC7 and HDAC9, leading to impair their import in the nucleus. Phosphorylates 'Thr-38' of PPP1R14A, 'Ser-159', 'Ser-163' and 'Ser-170' of MARCKS, and GFAP. Able to phosphorylate RPS6 in vitro.^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]}

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

See Also

• Rho GTPase 3D structures

References

1. ↑ Quilliam LA, Lambert QT, Mickelson-Young LA, Westwick JK, Sparks AB, Kay BK, Jenkins NA, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Der CJ. Isolation of a NCK-associated kinase, PRK2, an SH3-binding protein and potential effector of Rho protein signaling. J Biol Chem. 1996 Nov 15;271(46):28772-6. PMID:8910519
2. ↑ Vincent S, Settleman J. The PRK2 kinase is a potential effector target of both Rho and Rac GTPases and regulates actin cytoskeletal organization. Mol Cell Biol. 1997 Apr;17(4):2247-56. PMID:9121475
3. ↑ Wing MR, Snyder JT, Sondek J, Harden TK. Direct activation of phospholipase C-epsilon by Rho. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 17;278(42):41253-8. Epub 2003 Aug 4. PMID:12900402 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M306904200
4. ↑ Yuce O, Piekny A, Glotzer M. An ECT2-centralspindlin complex regulates the localization and function of RhoA. J Cell Biol. 2005 Aug 15;170(4):571-82. PMID:16103226 doi:10.1083/jcb.200501097
5. ↑ Kamijo K, Ohara N, Abe M, Uchimura T, Hosoya H, Lee JS, Miki T. Dissecting the role of Rho-mediated signaling in contractile ring formation. Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Jan;17(1):43-55. Epub 2005 Oct 19. PMID:16236794 doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-06-0569
6. ↑ Bristow JM, Sellers MH, Majumdar D, Anderson B, Hu L, Webb DJ. The Rho-family GEF Asef2 activates Rac to modulate adhesion and actin dynamics and thereby regulate cell migration. J Cell Sci. 2009 Dec 15;122(Pt 24):4535-46. doi: 10.1242/jcs.053728. Epub 2009, Nov 24. PMID:19934221 doi:10.1242/jcs.053728
7. ↑ Zaoui K, Benseddik K, Daou P, Salaun D, Badache A. ErbB2 receptor controls microtubule capture by recruiting ACF7 to the plasma membrane of migrating cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 26;107(43):18517-22. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1000975107. Epub 2010 Oct 11. PMID:20937854 doi:10.1073/pnas.1000975107
8. ↑ Wallace SW, Magalhaes A, Hall A. The Rho target PRK2 regulates apical junction formation in human bronchial epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Jan;31(1):81-91. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01001-10. Epub 2010 Oct 25. PMID:20974804 doi:10.1128/MCB.01001-10
9. ↑ Palmer RH, Schonwasser DC, Rahman D, Pappin DJ, Herget T, Parker PJ. PRK1 phosphorylates MARCKS at the PKC sites: serine 152, serine 156 and serine 163. FEBS Lett. 1996 Jan 15;378(3):281-5. PMID:8557118
10. ↑ Mukai H, Toshimori M, Shibata H, Kitagawa M, Shimakawa M, Miyahara M, Sunakawa H, Ono Y. PKN associates and phosphorylates the head-rod domain of neurofilament protein. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 19;271(16):9816-22. PMID:8621664
11. ↑ Matsuzawa K, Kosako H, Inagaki N, Shibata H, Mukai H, Ono Y, Amano M, Kaibuchi K, Matsuura Y, Azuma I, Inagaki M. Domain-specific phosphorylation of vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein by PKN. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997 May 29;234(3):621-5. PMID:9175763 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.6669
12. ↑ Taniguchi T, Kawamata T, Mukai H, Hasegawa H, Isagawa T, Yasuda M, Hashimoto T, Terashima A, Nakai M, Mori H, Ono Y, Tanaka C. Phosphorylation of tau is regulated by PKN. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 30;276(13):10025-31. Epub 2000 Dec 4. PMID:11104762 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M007427200
13. ↑ Metzger E, Muller JM, Ferrari S, Buettner R, Schule R. A novel inducible transactivation domain in the androgen receptor: implications for PRK in prostate cancer. EMBO J. 2003 Jan 15;22(2):270-80. PMID:12514133 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdg023
14. ↑ Schmidt A, Durgan J, Magalhaes A, Hall A. Rho GTPases regulate PRK2/PKN2 to control entry into mitosis and exit from cytokinesis. EMBO J. 2007 Mar 21;26(6):1624-36. Epub 2007 Mar 1. PMID:17332740 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601637
15. ↑ Metzger E, Yin N, Wissmann M, Kunowska N, Fischer K, Friedrichs N, Patnaik D, Higgins JM, Potier N, Scheidtmann KH, Buettner R, Schule R. Phosphorylation of histone H3 at threonine 11 establishes a novel chromatin mark for transcriptional regulation. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;10(1):53-60. Epub 2007 Dec 9. PMID:18066052 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1668
16. ↑ Harrison BC, Huynh K, Lundgaard GL, Helmke SM, Perryman MB, McKinsey TA. Protein kinase C-related kinase targets nuclear localization signals in a subset of class IIa histone deacetylases. FEBS Lett. 2010 Mar 19;584(6):1103-10. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.057. Epub, 2010 Feb 24. PMID:20188095 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.02.057
17. ↑ Lachmann S, Jevons A, De Rycker M, Casamassima A, Radtke S, Collazos A, Parker PJ. Regulatory domain selectivity in the cell-type specific PKN-dependence of cell migration. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e21732. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021732. Epub 2011 Jul 6. PMID:21754995 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021732
18. ↑ Maesaki R, Ihara K, Shimizu T, Kuroda S, Kaibuchi K, Hakoshima T. The structural basis of Rho effector recognition revealed by the crystal structure of human RhoA complexed with the effector domain of PKN/PRK1. Mol Cell. 1999 Nov;4(5):793-803. PMID:10619026