3b1u

Structural highlights

Disease

[PADI4_HUMAN] Genetic variations in PADI4 are a cause of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [MIM:180300]. It is a systemic inflammatory disease with autoimmune features and a complex genetic component. It primarily affects the joints and is characterized by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Note=Could have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis by increasing citrullination of proteins in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues, leading, in a cytokine-rich milieu, to a break in tolerance to citrullinated peptides processed and presented in the appropriate HLA context.^[1]

Function

[PADI4_HUMAN] Catalyzes the citrullination/deimination of arginine residues of proteins. Citrullinates histone H3 at 'Arg-8' and/or 'Arg-17' and histone H4 at 'Arg-3', which prevents their methylation by CARM1 and HRMT1L2/PRMT1 and represses transcription. Citrullinates EP300/P300 at 'Arg-2142', which favors its interaction with NCOA2/GRIP1.^{[2] [3]}

References

1. ↑ Suzuki A, Yamada R, Chang X, Tokuhiro S, Sawada T, Suzuki M, Nagasaki M, Nakayama-Hamada M, Kawaida R, Ono M, Ohtsuki M, Furukawa H, Yoshino S, Yukioka M, Tohma S, Matsubara T, Wakitani S, Teshima R, Nishioka Y, Sekine A, Iida A, Takahashi A, Tsunoda T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K. Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet. 2003 Aug;34(4):395-402. PMID:12833157 doi:10.1038/ng1206
2. ↑ Cuthbert GL, Daujat S, Snowden AW, Erdjument-Bromage H, Hagiwara T, Yamada M, Schneider R, Gregory PD, Tempst P, Bannister AJ, Kouzarides T. Histone deimination antagonizes arginine methylation. Cell. 2004 Sep 3;118(5):545-53. PMID:15339660 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.08.020
3. ↑ Wang Y, Wysocka J, Sayegh J, Lee YH, Perlin JR, Leonelli L, Sonbuchner LS, McDonald CH, Cook RG, Dou Y, Roeder RG, Clarke S, Stallcup MR, Allis CD, Coonrod SA. Human PAD4 regulates histone arginine methylation levels via demethylimination. Science. 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):279-83. Epub 2004 Sep 2. PMID:15345777 doi:10.1126/science.1101400
4. ↑ Causey CP, Jones JE, Slack JL, Kamei D, Jones LE, Subramanian V, Knuckley B, Ebrahimi P, Chumanevich AA, Luo Y, Hashimoto H, Sato M, Hofseth LJ, Thompson PR. The Development of N-alpha-(2-Carboxyl)benzoyl-N(5)-(2-fluoro-1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine Amide (o-F-amidine) and N-alpha-(2-Carboxyl)benzoyl-N(5)-(2-chloro-1-iminoethyl)-l-ornithine Amide (o-Cl-amidine) As Second Generation Protein Arginine Deiminase (PAD) Inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2011 Oct 13;54(19):6919-35. Epub 2011 Sep 16. PMID:21882827 doi:10.1021/jm2008985