8fvi

Structural highlights

Function

ABC3H_HUMAN DNA deaminase (cytidine deaminase) which acts as an inhibitor of retrovirus replication and retrotransposon mobility via deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The A3H-var/haplotype 2 exhibits antiviral activity against vif-deficient HIV-1. After the penetration of retroviral nucleocapsids into target cells of infection and the initiation of reverse transcription, it can induce the conversion of cytosine to uracil in the minus-sense single-strand viral DNA, leading to G-to-A hypermutations in the subsequent plus-strand viral DNA. The resultant detrimental levels of mutations in the proviral genome, along with a deamination-independent mechanism that works prior to the proviral integration, together exert efficient antiretroviral effects in infected target cells. Selectively targets single-stranded DNA and does not deaminate double-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA. Exhibits antiviral activity also against T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and may inhibit the mobility of LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]}

References

1. ↑ OhAinle M, Kerns JA, Malik HS, Emerman M. Adaptive evolution and antiviral activity of the conserved mammalian cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H. J Virol. 2006 Apr;80(8):3853-62. PMID:16571802 doi:10.1128/JVI.80.8.3853-3862.2006
2. ↑ Dang Y, Wang X, Esselman WJ, Zheng YH. Identification of APOBEC3DE as another antiretroviral factor from the human APOBEC family. J Virol. 2006 Nov;80(21):10522-33. PMID:16920826 doi:10.1128/JVI.01123-06
3. ↑ Dang Y, Siew LM, Wang X, Han Y, Lampen R, Zheng YH. Human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H restricts HIV-1 replication. J Biol Chem. 2008 Apr 25;283(17):11606-14. PMID:18299330 doi:10.1074/jbc.M707586200
4. ↑ OhAinle M, Kerns JA, Li MM, Malik HS, Emerman M. Antiretroelement activity of APOBEC3H was lost twice in recent human evolution. Cell Host Microbe. 2008 Sep 11;4(3):249-59. PMID:18779051 doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.07.005
5. ↑ Tan L, Sarkis PT, Wang T, Tian C, Yu XF. Sole copy of Z2-type human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3H has inhibitory activity against retrotransposons and HIV-1. FASEB J. 2009 Jan;23(1):279-87. PMID:18827027 doi:10.1096/fj.07-088781
6. ↑ Stenglein MD, Burns MB, Li M, Lengyel J, Harris RS. APOBEC3 proteins mediate the clearance of foreign DNA from human cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2010 Feb;17(2):222-9. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1744. Epub 2010 Jan , 10. PMID:20062055 doi:10.1038/nsmb.1744
7. ↑ Hultquist JF, Lengyel JA, Refsland EW, LaRue RS, Lackey L, Brown WL, Harris RS. Human and rhesus APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, and APOBEC3H demonstrate a conserved capacity to restrict Vif-deficient HIV-1. J Virol. 2011 Nov;85(21):11220-34. doi: 10.1128/JVI.05238-11. Epub 2011 Aug 10. PMID:21835787 doi:10.1128/JVI.05238-11
8. ↑ Ooms M, Krikoni A, Kress AK, Simon V, Munk C. APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, and APOBEC3H haplotype 2 restrict human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. J Virol. 2012 Jun;86(11):6097-108. doi: 10.1128/JVI.06570-11. Epub 2012 Mar 28. PMID:22457529 doi:10.1128/JVI.06570-11
9. ↑ Phalora PK, Sherer NM, Wolinsky SM, Swanson CM, Malim MH. HIV-1 replication and APOBEC3 antiviral activity are not regulated by P bodies. J Virol. 2012 Nov;86(21):11712-24. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00595-12. Epub 2012 Aug 22. PMID:22915799 doi:10.1128/JVI.00595-12
10. ↑ Chaipan C, Smith JL, Hu WS, Pathak VK. APOBEC3G restricts HIV-1 to a greater extent than APOBEC3F and APOBEC3DE in human primary CD4+ T cells and macrophages. J Virol. 2013 Jan;87(1):444-53. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00676-12. Epub 2012 Oct 24. PMID:23097438 doi:10.1128/JVI.00676-12