T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2)

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Contents 1 T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) 2 Overview: 3 Protein Function: 4 Structural Components Contributing to the Active Site: 5 Significants of T4 Rnl2 to the medical industry: 6 References:

T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2)

spinqualitylabelsall models T4 Rnl2 Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image

Overview:

T4 RNA ligase 2 (Rnl2) (1-249) is a T4 bacteriophage ligase, which functions to counter bacterial defence by repairing broken anticodon loops of tRNA coding for lysine, caused by PrrC, which is nessessary for viral replication and proliferation. Note that the structure shown is based on the truncated enzyme form (1-249) where the total chain length of Rnl2 is 334 residues. The overall structure, at 100K, pH 8.5, consists of a single chain polymer (233 residues + 15 His tag residues) composed of 2, 6 antiparalel stranded, beta sheets and 7 alpha helices. The structure contains an adenosine monophosphate ligand in its active site. The enzyme contains 5 nucleotidyl transferase motifs, (green, blue, pink, light blue, red) which are all involved either directly for indirectly with the function of the active site.

Protein Function:

Although this protein is designed to counteract the bacterial host’s defence mechanisms against the virus, its activity as a ligase is analogous to tRNA splicing (introns removed from anticodon loop) and RNA editing by several different kinds of RNA editing ligases (REL)s. Therefore it has been grouped into a subfamily of RNA ligases including REL-1 which is essential for the survival of Trypanosoma, a monophyletic group of unicellular paracitic flagella protozoa that causes sleeping sickness. Another commonality shared between RNA ligases as well as DNA ligases and capping enzymes is the fact that the mechanism by which they function involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-(lysyl-N)-NMP intermediate prior to the formation of the phophodiester bond between 5’ and 3’ ends of RNA strands. Hence these groups have been classified as a super family of enzymes, characteristic of the above intermediate.

The mechanism for the formation of this intermediate and the phosphodiester bond resulting in RNA strand repair is outlined below. First ATP reacts with the active site of Rln2. Adenosine mono phosphate binds to the accompanied by the release of inorganic phosphate which provides the energy. The adenylate binds at the bottom of the (motif 1) where it is squished between the aromatic rings of of motif IIIa, of motif III and of motif I. and of motif V, which are essential for Rln2 activity, are also involved in coordinating the AMP phosphate after binding. During ligase adenylation the alpha phosphate of ATP is thought to be stabilized by Lys 225 and 227 prior to release of the other phosphate groups. The specificity of Rln2 for ATP as opposed to other NTP substrates in this step are thought to be attributed to hydrogen bonding between backbone residues and the adenine base. Such bonds occur between: . After Binding AMP, the Rnl2 transfers AMP to the 5' phosphate of the RNA strand. The binding of Rnl2 to RNA, required for this step, can be partially attributed to the electrostatic structure of the enzyme. Since the active site surface surounding AMP is possitively charged it may contribute to the affinity of the enzyme for negatively charge 5' phosphate of pRNA. Note that all interactions between pRNA and Rnl2 also require the essential C-terminal domain which is not shown in the crystalized structure here. This may be due to the essential positioning requirements for the placement of ATP in correct close proximity and orientation to the 5' phosphate for the next step (Figure 1). The interactions between the ribose sugar and the protein back bone are all thought to contribute to this adenyltransferase function as well as overall pRNA ligation, where the interaction between the is thought to be most essential to this step. As well the , which coordinates the 3' O of the ribose sugar, is thought to interact with the 5'-PO₄ of RNA during this adenylation step as well as during initial adenylation of the enzyme by ATP (Figure 2). Likewise Glu204 has been found to be essential to both of these steps as well. The is thought to be critical for the next step; transfer of the phosphate from the 5’ end of the RNA strand to the 3’ OH end of the RNA strand to form the phosphodiester bond Figure 2. The actual catalytic action of this step however, is thought to be carried out by in motif 1. Ho et al. hypothesized that His37 sets the boundaries of the binding site for the 3' OH RNA strand which acts as a nucleophile in this step and hence is necessary for catalyzing this step. It has also been found that residues Asp120 and Lys209 are also both essential for Rnl2 activity even though they are not in direct association with AMP itself.

Structural Components Contributing to the Active Site:

spinqualitylabelsall models Structural components cotributing to the Rnl2 active site Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image

Above the components of the actual active site were discussed in relation to the function of the protein, however there are several indirect structural components which are linked to maintaining active site structure as well as aiding in conformational changes while it carries out its function. For instance of motif IIIa (pink), located next to Phe119 (see above for function), serves as a focal point of hydrophillic contacts which include a bidentate salt bridge to and a hydrogen bond to . These to see H-bonding patterns between side chains. has also been found to be structually important, although not making direct contact with AMP, as it functions to make sure that the loop containing the lysine nucleophile is in proper conformation for adenylation. It acomplishes this structural function by tethering the backside of the motif I loop (green) to the start of alpha helix 6 (lime green) through a Hydrogen bond to Ser170 (dark purple).

Significants of T4 Rnl2 to the medical industry:

Because of the several similarities Rnl2 shares with REL-1 and other RELs, an understanding of this proteins structure in relation to its function can give further insight to how the RELs structure may relate to their function. Since the RELs have been found to be essential to trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, mentioned earlier, they have become prime targets for drugs against these microorganisms. Such drugs can be designed mimic the substrate, bind to impair the AMP binding pocket, or bind to other surface residues which are essential to the function of the protein such as Glu34, or His37.

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References:

Current Refences: Ho et al. 2004 Structure and Mechanism of RNA Ligase. 12:327-339