Galectin

Galectin (GAL) are lectins which bind beta-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation. The CRD is a beta-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide. GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation. GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract. GAL-3 has broad biological functionality. GAL-4 has 2 CRDs. GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells. GAL-8 has a role in cellular defence against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage. GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival. GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.

3D structures of galectin

Galectin-1

1slt, 1sla, 1slb, 1slc – GAL-1 + BGAL – bovine
1hlc – hGAL-1 + lactose – human
2km2 – hGAL-1 -NMR
1w6n, 1w6q - hGAL-1 (mutant)
1w6o, 2zkn – hGAL-1 (mutant) + lactose
1w6p – hGAL-1 (mutant) + acetyl lactosamine
1gzw – hGAL-1 + BGAL
1w6m – hGAL(mutant) + BGAL
3oy8 – hGAL-1 + lactobionic acid
3oyw - hGAL-1 + thio-digalactoside
3t2t – hGAL-1 + inhibitor
1gan – tGAL-1 + BGAL – toad
1a78 – tGAL-1 + thio-digalactose
3m2m - GAL-1 + lactose – rat

Galectin-2

1ul9 – CchGAL-2 – Coprinopsis cinerea
1ulc – CcGAL-2 + lactose
1ulg - CcGAL-2 + BGAL
1uld, 2wkk – CcGAL-2 + BGAL + fucose
1ule, 1ulf – CcGAL-2 + polysaccharide

Galectin-3

3zsk, 3zsl, 3zsm – hGAL-3 CRD
1a3k, 1kjl, 2nmn – hGAL-3 CRD + BGAL
2nmo - hGAL-3 CRD + glucose + BGAL
2nn8, 3aye, 3zsj - hGAL-3 CRD + lactose
1kjr – hGAL-3 CRD + acetyllactosamine
2xg3, 3t1l, 3t1m - hGAL-3 CRD + inhibitor
3aya - hGAL-3 CRD + antigen
3ayc, 3ayd - hGAL-3 CRD + polysaccharide

Galectin-4

1x50 – hGAL-4 CRD – NMR
2dyc – mGAL-4 CRD – mouse
3i8t – mGAL-4 + lactose

Galectin-7

1bkz, 3zxf – hGAL-7
2gal - hGAL-7 + BGAL
3gal – hGAL-7 + galactosamine
5gal – hGAL-7 + acetyllactosamine
3zxe - hGAL-7 + inhibitor

Galectin-8

2yro – hGAL-8 CRD – NMR
3ap5, 3apb - hGAL-8 CRD
3ap4, 3ap6 - hGAL-8 CRD + lactose
3ap7 - hGAL-8 CRD + sialyllactose
3ap8 - hGAL-8 CRD + polysaccharide
4fqz – hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glucose + BGAL
2yv8 – hGAL-8 N terminal
3ojb - hGAL-8 C terminal
2yxs – hGAL-8 N terminal + lactose
2yy1 – hGAL-8 N terminal + acetyllactosamine

Galectin-9

2d6k, [[2d6l – mGAL-9 CRD
2d6m – mGAL-9 CRD + lactose
2d6n, 2d6o– mGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine
2d6p – mGAL-9 CRD + antigen
3lsd – hGAL-9 N terminal
3nv1 – hGAL-9 CRD
3lse – hGAL-9 N terminal + lactose
2eak - hGAL-9 CRD + lactose
3nv4 - hGAL-9 CRD + sialyllactose
2zhk, 2zhl, 2zhm, 2zhn, 3nv2 - hGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine
3nv3 - hGAL-9 CRD + polysaccharide
2eal - mGAL-9 CRD + pentasaccharide

Galectin-10

1bkz – hGAL-10 + mannose
1hdk – hGAL-10 + PCMBS

Galectin

1ww4 – AcGAL + NEUACA2-3-lacose – Agrocybe cylindracea
1ww5, 1ww6 – AcGAL + lactose derivative
1ww7 – AcGAL 4agg, 4agr, 4agv – GAL - Cinachyrella