2ggm

Structural highlights

Disease

[XPC_HUMAN] Defects in XPC are a cause of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XP-C) [MIM:278720]; also known as xeroderma pigmentosum III (XP3). XP-C is a rare human autosomal recessive disease characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight and, in some cases, neurological abnormalities.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

Function

[CETN2_HUMAN] Plays a fundamental role in microtubule-organizing center structure and function. Required for centriole duplication and correct spindle formation. Has a role in regulating cytokinesis and genome stability via cooperation with CALM1 and CEP110.^{[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]} Involved in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) by acting as component of the XPC complex. Cooperatively with RAD23B appears to stabilize XPC. In vitro, stimulates DNA binding of the XPC:RAD23B dimer.^{[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]} The XPC complex is proposed to represent the first factor bound at the sites of DNA damage and together with other core recognition factors, XPA, RPA and the TFIIH complex, is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex. The XPC complex recognizes a wide spectrum of damaged DNA characterized by distortions of the DNA helix such as single-stranded loops, mismatched bubbles or single stranded overhangs. The orientation of XPC complex binding appears to be crucial for inducing a productive NER. XPC complex is proposed to recognize and to interact with unpaired bases on the undamaged DNA strand which is followed by recruitment of the TFIIH complex and subsequent scanning for lesions in the opposite strand in a 5'-to-3' direction by the NER machinery. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) which are formed upon UV-induced DNA damage esacpe detection by the XPC complex due to a low degree of structural perurbation. Instead they are detected by the UV-DDB complex which in turn recruits and cooperates with the XPC complex in the respective DNA repair.^{[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]} [XPC_HUMAN] Involved in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) by acting as damage sensing and DNA-binding factor component of the XPC complex. Has only a low DNA repair activity by itself which is stimulated by RAD23B and RAD23A. Has a preference to bind DNA containing a short single-stranded segment but not to damaged oligonucleotides. This feature is proposed to be related to a dynamic sensor function: XPC can rapidly screen duplex DNA for non-hydrogen-bonded bases by forming a transient nucleoprotein intermediate complex which matures into a stable recognition complex through an intrinsic single-stranded DNA-binding activity.^{[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]} The XPC complex is proposed to represent the first factor bound at the sites of DNA damage and together with other core recognition factors, XPA, RPA and the TFIIH complex, is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex. The XPC complex recognizes a wide spectrum of damaged DNA characterized by distortions of the DNA helix such as single-stranded loops, mismatched bubbles or single stranded overhangs. The orientation of XPC complex binding appears to be crucial for inducing a productive NER. XPC complex is proposed to recognize and to interact with unpaired bases on the undamaged DNA strand which is followed by recruitment of the TFIIH complex and subsequent scanning for lesions in the opposite strand in a 5'-to-3' direction by the NER machinery. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) which are formed upon UV-induced DNA damage esacpe detection by the XPC complex due to a low degree of structural perurbation. Instead they are detected by the UV-DDB complex which in turn recruits and cooperates with the XPC complex in the respective DNA repair. In vitro, the XPC:RAD23B dimer is sufficient to initiate NER; it preferentially binds to cisplatin and UV-damaged double-stranded DNA and also binds to a variety of chemically and structurally diverse DNA adducts. XPC:RAD23B contacts DNA both 5' and 3' of a cisplatin lesion with a preference for the 5' side. XPC:RAD23B induces a bend in DNA upon binding. XPC:RAD23B stimulates the activity of DNA glycosylases TDG and SMUG1.^{[34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]}

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

References

1. ↑ Camenisch U, Trautlein D, Clement FC, Fei J, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Two-stage dynamic DNA quality check by xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. EMBO J. 2009 Aug 19;28(16):2387-99. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.187. Epub 2009 Jul, 16. PMID:19609301 doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.187
2. ↑ Yasuda G, Nishi R, Watanabe E, Mori T, Iwai S, Orioli D, Stefanini M, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K. In vivo destabilization and functional defects of the xeroderma pigmentosum C protein caused by a pathogenic missense mutation. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Oct;27(19):6606-14. Epub 2007 Aug 6. PMID:17682058 doi:10.1128/MCB.02166-06
3. ↑ Maillard O, Solyom S, Naegeli H. An aromatic sensor with aversion to damaged strands confers versatility to DNA repair. PLoS Biol. 2007 Apr;5(4):e79. PMID:17355181 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050079
4. ↑ Li L, Bales ES, Peterson CA, Legerski RJ. Characterization of molecular defects in xeroderma pigmentosum group C. Nat Genet. 1993 Dec;5(4):413-7. PMID:8298653 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1293-413
5. ↑ Chavanne F, Broughton BC, Pietra D, Nardo T, Browitt A, Lehmann AR, Stefanini M. Mutations in the XPC gene in families with xeroderma pigmentosum and consequences at the cell, protein, and transcript levels. Cancer Res. 2000 Apr 1;60(7):1974-82. PMID:10766188
6. ↑ Lee VD, Huang B. Molecular cloning and centrosomal localization of human caltractin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11039-43. PMID:8248209
7. ↑ Araki M, Masutani C, Takemura M, Uchida A, Sugasawa K, Kondoh J, Ohkuma Y, Hanaoka F. Centrosome protein centrin 2/caltractin 1 is part of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C complex that initiates global genome nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):18665-72. Epub 2001 Feb 27. PMID:11279143 doi:10.1074/jbc.M100855200
8. ↑ Salisbury JL, Suino KM, Busby R, Springett M. Centrin-2 is required for centriole duplication in mammalian cells. Curr Biol. 2002 Aug 6;12(15):1287-92. PMID:12176356
9. ↑ Nishi R, Okuda Y, Watanabe E, Mori T, Iwai S, Masutani C, Sugasawa K, Hanaoka F. Centrin 2 stimulates nucleotide excision repair by interacting with xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;25(13):5664-74. PMID:15964821 doi:10.1128/MCB.25.13.5664-5674.2005
10. ↑ Bunick CG, Miller MR, Fuller BE, Fanning E, Chazin WJ. Biochemical and structural domain analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C protein. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 19;45(50):14965-79. PMID:17154534 doi:10.1021/bi061370o
11. ↑ Tsang WY, Spektor A, Luciano DJ, Indjeian VB, Chen Z, Salisbury JL, Sanchez I, Dynlacht BD. CP110 cooperates with two calcium-binding proteins to regulate cytokinesis and genome stability. Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Aug;17(8):3423-34. Epub 2006 Jun 7. PMID:16760425 doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-04-0371
12. ↑ Lee VD, Huang B. Molecular cloning and centrosomal localization of human caltractin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11039-43. PMID:8248209
13. ↑ Araki M, Masutani C, Takemura M, Uchida A, Sugasawa K, Kondoh J, Ohkuma Y, Hanaoka F. Centrosome protein centrin 2/caltractin 1 is part of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C complex that initiates global genome nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):18665-72. Epub 2001 Feb 27. PMID:11279143 doi:10.1074/jbc.M100855200
14. ↑ Salisbury JL, Suino KM, Busby R, Springett M. Centrin-2 is required for centriole duplication in mammalian cells. Curr Biol. 2002 Aug 6;12(15):1287-92. PMID:12176356
15. ↑ Nishi R, Okuda Y, Watanabe E, Mori T, Iwai S, Masutani C, Sugasawa K, Hanaoka F. Centrin 2 stimulates nucleotide excision repair by interacting with xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;25(13):5664-74. PMID:15964821 doi:10.1128/MCB.25.13.5664-5674.2005
16. ↑ Bunick CG, Miller MR, Fuller BE, Fanning E, Chazin WJ. Biochemical and structural domain analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C protein. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 19;45(50):14965-79. PMID:17154534 doi:10.1021/bi061370o
17. ↑ Tsang WY, Spektor A, Luciano DJ, Indjeian VB, Chen Z, Salisbury JL, Sanchez I, Dynlacht BD. CP110 cooperates with two calcium-binding proteins to regulate cytokinesis and genome stability. Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Aug;17(8):3423-34. Epub 2006 Jun 7. PMID:16760425 doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-04-0371
18. ↑ Lee VD, Huang B. Molecular cloning and centrosomal localization of human caltractin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11039-43. PMID:8248209
19. ↑ Araki M, Masutani C, Takemura M, Uchida A, Sugasawa K, Kondoh J, Ohkuma Y, Hanaoka F. Centrosome protein centrin 2/caltractin 1 is part of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C complex that initiates global genome nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jun 1;276(22):18665-72. Epub 2001 Feb 27. PMID:11279143 doi:10.1074/jbc.M100855200
20. ↑ Salisbury JL, Suino KM, Busby R, Springett M. Centrin-2 is required for centriole duplication in mammalian cells. Curr Biol. 2002 Aug 6;12(15):1287-92. PMID:12176356
21. ↑ Nishi R, Okuda Y, Watanabe E, Mori T, Iwai S, Masutani C, Sugasawa K, Hanaoka F. Centrin 2 stimulates nucleotide excision repair by interacting with xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Jul;25(13):5664-74. PMID:15964821 doi:10.1128/MCB.25.13.5664-5674.2005
22. ↑ Bunick CG, Miller MR, Fuller BE, Fanning E, Chazin WJ. Biochemical and structural domain analysis of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C protein. Biochemistry. 2006 Dec 19;45(50):14965-79. PMID:17154534 doi:10.1021/bi061370o
23. ↑ Tsang WY, Spektor A, Luciano DJ, Indjeian VB, Chen Z, Salisbury JL, Sanchez I, Dynlacht BD. CP110 cooperates with two calcium-binding proteins to regulate cytokinesis and genome stability. Mol Biol Cell. 2006 Aug;17(8):3423-34. Epub 2006 Jun 7. PMID:16760425 doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-04-0371
24. ↑ Sugasawa K, Ng JM, Masutani C, Iwai S, van der Spek PJ, Eker AP, Hanaoka F, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex is the initiator of global genome nucleotide excision repair. Mol Cell. 1998 Aug;2(2):223-32. PMID:9734359
25. ↑ Yokoi M, Masutani C, Maekawa T, Sugasawa K, Ohkuma Y, Hanaoka F. The xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex XPC-HR23B plays an important role in the recruitment of transcription factor IIH to damaged DNA. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9870-5. PMID:10734143
26. ↑ Batty D, Rapic'-Otrin V, Levine AS, Wood RD. Stable binding of human XPC complex to irradiated DNA confers strong discrimination for damaged sites. J Mol Biol. 2000 Jul 7;300(2):275-90. PMID:10873465 doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3857
27. ↑ Sugasawa K, Shimizu Y, Iwai S, Hanaoka F. A molecular mechanism for DNA damage recognition by the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex. DNA Repair (Amst). 2002 Jan 22;1(1):95-107. PMID:12509299
28. ↑ Janicijevic A, Sugasawa K, Shimizu Y, Hanaoka F, Wijgers N, Djurica M, Hoeijmakers JH, Wyman C. DNA bending by the human damage recognition complex XPC-HR23B. DNA Repair (Amst). 2003 Mar 1;2(3):325-36. PMID:12547395
29. ↑ Camenisch U, Trautlein D, Clement FC, Fei J, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Two-stage dynamic DNA quality check by xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. EMBO J. 2009 Aug 19;28(16):2387-99. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.187. Epub 2009 Jul, 16. PMID:19609301 doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.187
30. ↑ Sugasawa K, Akagi J, Nishi R, Iwai S, Hanaoka F. Two-step recognition of DNA damage for mammalian nucleotide excision repair: Directional binding of the XPC complex and DNA strand scanning. Mol Cell. 2009 Nov 25;36(4):642-53. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.09.035. PMID:19941824 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.09.035
31. ↑ Clement FC, Kaczmarek N, Mathieu N, Tomas M, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Dissection of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein function by site-directed mutagenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Jun 15;14(12):2479-90. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3399., Epub 2010 Oct 7. PMID:20649465 doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3399
32. ↑ Neher TM, Rechkunova NI, Lavrik OI, Turchi JJ. Photo-cross-linking of XPC-Rad23B to cisplatin-damaged DNA reveals contacts with both strands of the DNA duplex and spans the DNA adduct. Biochemistry. 2010 Feb 2;49(4):669-78. doi: 10.1021/bi901575h. PMID:20028083 doi:10.1021/bi901575h
33. ↑ Shimizu Y, Uchimura Y, Dohmae N, Saitoh H, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K. Stimulation of DNA Glycosylase Activities by XPC Protein Complex: Roles of Protein-Protein Interactions. J Nucleic Acids. 2010 Jul 25;2010. pii: 805698. doi: 10.4061/2010/805698. PMID:20798892 doi:10.4061/2010/805698
34. ↑ Sugasawa K, Ng JM, Masutani C, Iwai S, van der Spek PJ, Eker AP, Hanaoka F, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex is the initiator of global genome nucleotide excision repair. Mol Cell. 1998 Aug;2(2):223-32. PMID:9734359
35. ↑ Yokoi M, Masutani C, Maekawa T, Sugasawa K, Ohkuma Y, Hanaoka F. The xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex XPC-HR23B plays an important role in the recruitment of transcription factor IIH to damaged DNA. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9870-5. PMID:10734143
36. ↑ Batty D, Rapic'-Otrin V, Levine AS, Wood RD. Stable binding of human XPC complex to irradiated DNA confers strong discrimination for damaged sites. J Mol Biol. 2000 Jul 7;300(2):275-90. PMID:10873465 doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3857
37. ↑ Sugasawa K, Shimizu Y, Iwai S, Hanaoka F. A molecular mechanism for DNA damage recognition by the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex. DNA Repair (Amst). 2002 Jan 22;1(1):95-107. PMID:12509299
38. ↑ Janicijevic A, Sugasawa K, Shimizu Y, Hanaoka F, Wijgers N, Djurica M, Hoeijmakers JH, Wyman C. DNA bending by the human damage recognition complex XPC-HR23B. DNA Repair (Amst). 2003 Mar 1;2(3):325-36. PMID:12547395
39. ↑ Camenisch U, Trautlein D, Clement FC, Fei J, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Two-stage dynamic DNA quality check by xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein. EMBO J. 2009 Aug 19;28(16):2387-99. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2009.187. Epub 2009 Jul, 16. PMID:19609301 doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.187
40. ↑ Sugasawa K, Akagi J, Nishi R, Iwai S, Hanaoka F. Two-step recognition of DNA damage for mammalian nucleotide excision repair: Directional binding of the XPC complex and DNA strand scanning. Mol Cell. 2009 Nov 25;36(4):642-53. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.09.035. PMID:19941824 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.09.035
41. ↑ Clement FC, Kaczmarek N, Mathieu N, Tomas M, Leitenstorfer A, Ferrando-May E, Naegeli H. Dissection of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein function by site-directed mutagenesis. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2011 Jun 15;14(12):2479-90. doi: 10.1089/ars.2010.3399., Epub 2010 Oct 7. PMID:20649465 doi:10.1089/ars.2010.3399
42. ↑ Neher TM, Rechkunova NI, Lavrik OI, Turchi JJ. Photo-cross-linking of XPC-Rad23B to cisplatin-damaged DNA reveals contacts with both strands of the DNA duplex and spans the DNA adduct. Biochemistry. 2010 Feb 2;49(4):669-78. doi: 10.1021/bi901575h. PMID:20028083 doi:10.1021/bi901575h
43. ↑ Shimizu Y, Uchimura Y, Dohmae N, Saitoh H, Hanaoka F, Sugasawa K. Stimulation of DNA Glycosylase Activities by XPC Protein Complex: Roles of Protein-Protein Interactions. J Nucleic Acids. 2010 Jul 25;2010. pii: 805698. doi: 10.4061/2010/805698. PMID:20798892 doi:10.4061/2010/805698
44. ↑ Thompson JR, Ryan ZC, Salisbury JL, Kumar R. The structure of the human centrin 2-xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 7;281(27):18746-52. Epub 2006 Apr 20. PMID:16627479 doi:10.1074/jbc.M513667200