VEGF in complex with a neutralizing antibody[1].
You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia [2] or to the article describing Jmol [3] to the rescue.
Backround
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate.
VEGF's normal function is to create new blood vessels during embryonic development, new blood vessels after injury, muscle following exercise, and new vessels (collateral circulation) to bypass blocked vessels.
When VEGF is overexpressed, it can contribute to disease. Solid cancers cannot grow beyond a limited size without an adequate blood supply; cancers that can express VEGF are able to grow and metastasize. Overexpression of VEGF can cause vascular disease in the retina of the eye and other parts of the body. Drugs such as bevacizumab and ranibizumab (both antibodies) can inhibit VEGF and control or slow those diseases.
VEGF are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis (the de novo formation of the embryonic circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature).
anti-angiogenic treatment through inhibition of receptor activation by VEGF might have important therapeutic applications in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and cancer. A neutralizing anti- VEGF antibody shown to suppress tumor growth in an in vivo murine model has been used as the basis for production of a humanized version.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell, in contrast to polyclonal antibodies which are made from several different immune cells. Monoclonal antibodies have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope.
Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology and medicine.
Related Diseases
Defects in VEGFA are a cause of susceptibility to microvascular complications of diabetes type 1 (MVCD1) . These are pathological conditions that develop in numerous tissues and organs as a consequence of diabetes mellitus. They include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease, and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of new-onset blindness among diabetic adults. It is characterized by vascular permeability and increased tissue ischemia and angiogenesis.
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Structural highlights
VEGF and anti-VEGF Fab Complex is a 6 chain, 1050 amino acid structure with a sequence taken from Homo sapiens and Mus musculus.
For a guided tour on the structure components useFirstGlance
VEGF is a protein who belongs to the family of cystine knot growth factors.
while the 4 other chains belongs to the .
VEGF and anti-VEGF Fab Complex
The structure of the (residues 8–109) of VEGF consists of a central four- stranded β sheet that displays the characteristic cystine knot at one end and possesses a small hydrophobic core at the other end.
