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Function
GLUT3 is one of fourteen facilitative sugar transporters which use the glucose diffusion gradient to move across various plasma membranes to display various specificities, kinetics and tissue expression profiles (Long et al. 2015). Glucose transporters are about 500 amino acids in length and are a part of a growing superfamily of integral membrane glycoproteins that have 12 transmembrane (TM) helices. The transmembrane regions presumably create channels through which glucose can move (Kipmen-Korgun et al. 2009). GLUT3 is categorized as a Class I transporter due to its protein sequence and structural similarity to other glucose transporters grouped in Class I (Long et al. 2015). GLUT3 displays the highest affinity for glucose of all of the Class I glucose transporters and has a transport capacity five times greater than that of GLUT1 and GLUT4 (Simpson et al., 2008). In humans, GLUT3 is found predominantly in brain tissue, highly and specifically expressed by neurons, and has some expression in peripheral tissues (Maher et al., 1994; Simpson et al. 2008). It is commonly known as the “neuronal glucose transporter” because of it is most commonly found in the brain, specifically seen mostly in the axons and dendrites of neurons (Simpson et al. 2008). GLUT3 has a more restricted expression pathway, which represents specialized functions for the protein (Xu et al., 2015). GLUT3 has been found to play an important role in gestational development and maintaining the brain's structure. Defects in GLUT3 can cause fetal death as well as neurodegeneration, which can lead to diseases like Alzheimer’s (Liu et al. and Zu et al. 2008).
Disease
Relevance
Structural highlights
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