| Structural highlights
Function
[ESR1_HUMAN] Nuclear hormone receptor. The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Ligand-dependent nuclear transactivation involves either direct homodimer binding to a palindromic estrogen response element (ERE) sequence or association with other DNA-binding transcription factors, such as AP-1/c-Jun, c-Fos, ATF-2, Sp1 and Sp3, to mediate ERE-independent signaling. Ligand binding induces a conformational change allowing subsequent or combinatorial association with multiprotein coactivator complexes through LXXLL motifs of their respective components. Mutual transrepression occurs between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappa-B in a cell-type specific manner. Decreases NF-kappa-B DNA-binding activity and inhibits NF-kappa-B-mediated transcription from the IL6 promoter and displace RELA/p65 and associated coregulators from the promoter. Recruited to the NF-kappa-B response element of the CCL2 and IL8 promoters and can displace CREBBP. Present with NF-kappa-B components RELA/p65 and NFKB1/p50 on ERE sequences. Can also act synergistically with NF-kappa-B to activate transcription involving respective recruitment adjacent response elements; the function involves CREBBP. Can activate the transcriptional activity of TFF1. Also mediates membrane-initiated estrogen signaling involving various kinase cascades. Isoform 3 is involved in activation of NOS3 and endothelial nitric oxide production. Isoforms lacking one or several functional domains are thought to modulate transcriptional activity by competitive ligand or DNA binding and/or heterodimerization with the full length receptor. Isoform 3 can bind to ERE and inhibit isoform 1.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Some estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha)-targeted breast cancer therapies such as tamoxifen have tissue-selective or cell-specific activities, while others have similar activities in different cell types. To identify biophysical determinants of cell-specific signaling and breast cancer cell proliferation, we synthesized 241 ERalpha ligands based on 19 chemical scaffolds, and compared ligand response using quantitative bioassays for canonical ERalpha activities and X-ray crystallography. Ligands that regulate the dynamics and stability of the coactivator-binding site in the C-terminal ligand-binding domain, called activation function-2 (AF-2), showed similar activity profiles in different cell types. Such ligands induced breast cancer cell proliferation in a manner that was predicted by the canonical recruitment of the coactivators NCOA1/2/3 and induction of the GREB1 proliferative gene. For some ligand series, a single inter-atomic distance in the ligand-binding domain predicted their proliferative effects. In contrast, the N-terminal coactivator-binding site, activation function-1 (AF-1), determined cell-specific signaling induced by ligands that used alternate mechanisms to control cell proliferation. Thus, incorporating systems structural analyses with quantitative chemical biology reveals how ligands can achieve distinct allosteric signaling outcomes through ERalpha.
Predictive features of ligand-specific signaling through the estrogen receptor.,Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Zheng Y, Wang S, Min J, Dong C, Liao Z, Nowak J, Wright NJ, Houtman R, Carlson KE, Josan JS, Elemento O, Katzenellenbogen JA, Zhou HB, Nettles KW Mol Syst Biol. 2016 Apr 22;12(4):864. doi: 10.15252/msb.20156701. PMID:27107013[19]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Flouriot G, Brand H, Denger S, Metivier R, Kos M, Reid G, Sonntag-Buck V, Gannon F. Identification of a new isoform of the human estrogen receptor-alpha (hER-alpha) that is encoded by distinct transcripts and that is able to repress hER-alpha activation function 1. EMBO J. 2000 Sep 1;19(17):4688-700. PMID:10970861 doi:10.1093/emboj/19.17.4688
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- ↑ Metivier R, Penot G, Flouriot G, Pakdel F. Synergism between ERalpha transactivation function 1 (AF-1) and AF-2 mediated by steroid receptor coactivator protein-1: requirement for the AF-1 alpha-helical core and for a direct interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains. Mol Endocrinol. 2001 Nov;15(11):1953-70. PMID:11682626
- ↑ Merot Y, Metivier R, Penot G, Manu D, Saligaut C, Gannon F, Pakdel F, Kah O, Flouriot G. The relative contribution exerted by AF-1 and AF-2 transactivation functions in estrogen receptor alpha transcriptional activity depends upon the differentiation stage of the cell. J Biol Chem. 2004 Jun 18;279(25):26184-91. Epub 2004 Apr 12. PMID:15078875 doi:10.1074/jbc.M402148200
- ↑ Liu H, Liu K, Bodenner DL. Estrogen receptor inhibits interleukin-6 gene expression by disruption of nuclear factor kappaB transactivation. Cytokine. 2005 Aug 21;31(4):251-7. PMID:16043358 doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2004.12.008
- ↑ Rayala SK, den Hollander P, Balasenthil S, Yang Z, Broaddus RR, Kumar R. Functional regulation of oestrogen receptor pathway by the dynein light chain 1. EMBO Rep. 2005 Jun;6(6):538-44. PMID:15891768 doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400417
- ↑ Rayala SK, den Hollander P, Manavathi B, Talukder AH, Song C, Peng S, Barnekow A, Kremerskothen J, Kumar R. Essential role of KIBRA in co-activator function of dynein light chain 1 in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jul 14;281(28):19092-9. Epub 2006 May 9. PMID:16684779 doi:10.1074/jbc.M600021200
- ↑ Lambertini E, Tavanti E, Torreggiani E, Penolazzi L, Gambari R, Piva R. ERalpha and AP-1 interact in vivo with a specific sequence of the F promoter of the human ERalpha gene in osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol. 2008 Jul;216(1):101-10. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21379. PMID:18247370 doi:10.1002/jcp.21379
- ↑ Nettles KW, Gil G, Nowak J, Metivier R, Sharma VB, Greene GL. CBP Is a dosage-dependent regulator of nuclear factor-kappaB suppression by the estrogen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Feb;22(2):263-72. Epub 2007 Oct 11. PMID:17932106 doi:10.1210/me.2007-0324
- ↑ Gionet N, Jansson D, Mader S, Pratt MA. NF-kappaB and estrogen receptor alpha interactions: Differential function in estrogen receptor-negative and -positive hormone-independent breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2009 Jun 1;107(3):448-59. doi: 10.1002/jcb.22141. PMID:19350539 doi:10.1002/jcb.22141
- ↑ Pradhan M, Bembinster LA, Baumgarten SC, Frasor J. Proinflammatory cytokines enhance estrogen-dependent expression of the multidrug transporter gene ABCG2 through estrogen receptor and NF{kappa}B cooperativity at adjacent response elements. J Biol Chem. 2010 Oct 8;285(41):31100-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.155309. Epub 2010 , Aug 12. PMID:20705611 doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.155309
- ↑ Kim KH, Toomre D, Bender JR. Splice isoform estrogen receptors as integral transmembrane proteins. Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Nov;22(22):4415-23. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E11-05-0416. Epub 2011, Sep 21. PMID:21937726 doi:10.1091/mbc.E11-05-0416
- ↑ Heldring N, Isaacs GD, Diehl AG, Sun M, Cheung E, Ranish JA, Kraus WL. Multiple sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins mediate estrogen receptor signaling through a tethering pathway. Mol Endocrinol. 2011 Apr;25(4):564-74. doi: 10.1210/me.2010-0425. Epub 2011 Feb, 17. PMID:21330404 doi:10.1210/me.2010-0425
- ↑ Pradhan M, Baumgarten SC, Bembinster LA, Frasor J. CBP mediates NF-kappaB-dependent histone acetylation and estrogen receptor recruitment to an estrogen response element in the BIRC3 promoter. Mol Cell Biol. 2012 Jan;32(2):569-75. doi: 10.1128/MCB.05869-11. Epub 2011 Nov, 14. PMID:22083956 doi:10.1128/MCB.05869-11
- ↑ Nwachukwu JC, Srinivasan S, Zheng Y, Wang S, Min J, Dong C, Liao Z, Nowak J, Wright NJ, Houtman R, Carlson KE, Josan JS, Elemento O, Katzenellenbogen JA, Zhou HB, Nettles KW. Predictive features of ligand-specific signaling through the estrogen receptor. Mol Syst Biol. 2016 Apr 22;12(4):864. doi: 10.15252/msb.20156701. PMID:27107013
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