Structural highlights
Function
[IZUM1_MOUSE] Essential sperm cell-surface protein required for fertilization by acting as a ligand for IZUMO1R/JUNO receptor on egg. The IZUMO1:IZUMO1R/JUNO interaction is a necessary adhesion event between sperm and egg that is required for fertilization but is not sufficient for cell fusion. The ligand-receptor interaction probably does not act as a membrane 'fusogen'.[1] [2]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The interaction between egg and sperm is the first necessary step of fertilization in all sexually reproducing organisms. A decade-long search for a protein pair mediating this event in mammals culminated in the identification of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein Juno as the egg plasma membrane receptor of sperm Izumo1 [1,2]. The Juno-Izumo1 interaction was shown to be essential for fertilization since mice lacking either gene exhibit sex-specific sterility, making these proteins promising non-hormonal contraceptive targets [1,3]. No structural information is available on how gamete membranes interact at fertilization, and it is unclear how Juno - which was previously named folate receptor (FR) 4, based on sequence similarity considerations - triggers membrane adhesion by binding Izumo1. Here, we report the crystal structure of Juno and find that the overall fold is similar to that of FRalpha and FRbeta but with significant flexibility within the area that corresponds to the rigid ligand-binding site of these bona fide folate receptors. This explains both the inability of Juno to bind vitamin B9/folic acid [1], and why mutations within the flexible region can either abolish or change the species specificity of this interaction. Furthermore, structural similarity between Juno and the cholesterol-binding Niemann-Pick disease type C1 protein (NPC1) suggests how the modified binding surface of Juno may recognize the helical structure of the amino-terminal domain of Izumo1. As Juno appears to be a mammalian innovation, our study indicates that a key evolutionary event in mammalian reproduction originated from the neofunctionalization of the vitamin B9-binding pocket of an ancestral folate receptor molecule.
Divergent evolution of vitamin B9 binding underlies Juno-mediated adhesion of mammalian gametes.,Han L, Nishimura K, Sadat Al Hosseini H, Bianchi E, Wright GJ, Jovine L Curr Biol. 2016 Feb 8;26(3):R100-1. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.034. PMID:26859261[3]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Inoue N, Ikawa M, Isotani A, Okabe M. The immunoglobulin superfamily protein Izumo is required for sperm to fuse with eggs. Nature. 2005 Mar 10;434(7030):234-8. PMID:15759005 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03362
- ↑ Bianchi E, Doe B, Goulding D, Wright GJ. Juno is the egg Izumo receptor and is essential for mammalian fertilization. Nature. 2014 Apr 24;508(7497):483-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13203. Epub 2014 Apr 16. PMID:24739963 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13203
- ↑ Han L, Nishimura K, Sadat Al Hosseini H, Bianchi E, Wright GJ, Jovine L. Divergent evolution of vitamin B9 binding underlies Juno-mediated adhesion of mammalian gametes. Curr Biol. 2016 Feb 8;26(3):R100-1. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.034. PMID:26859261 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.034
