4yjl

Structural highlights

Disease

[APC_HUMAN] Defects in APC are a cause of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) [MIM:175100]; which includes also Gardner syndrome (GS). FAP and GS contribute to tumor development in patients with uninherited forms of colorectal cancer. FAP is characterized by adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum, but also of upper gastrointestinal tract (ampullary, duodenal and gastric adenomas). This is a viciously premalignant disease with one or more polyps progressing through dysplasia to malignancy in untreated gene carriers with a median age at diagnosis of 40 years.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]} Defects in APC are a cause of hereditary desmoid disease (HDD) [MIM:135290]; also known as familial infiltrative fibromatosis (FIF). HDD is an autosomal dominant trait with 100% penetrance and possible variable expression among affected relatives. HDD patients show multifocal fibromatosis of the paraspinal muscles, breast, occiput, arms, lower ribs, abdominal wall, and mesentery. Desmoid tumors appears also as a complication of familial adenomatous polyposis.^{[11] [12]} Defects in APC are a cause of medulloblastoma (MDB) [MIM:155255]. MDB is a malignant, invasive embryonal tumor of the cerebellum with a preferential manifestation in children. Although the majority of medulloblastomas occur sporadically, some manifest within familial cancer syndromes such as Turcot syndrome and basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome).^{[13] [14] [15]} Defects in APC are a cause of mismatch repair cancer syndrome (MMRCS) [MIM:276300]; also known as Turcot syndrome or brain tumor-polyposis syndrome 1 (BTPS1). MMRCS is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by malignant tumors of the brain associated with multiple colorectal adenomas. Skin features include sebaceous cysts, hyperpigmented and cafe au lait spots.^{[16] [17] [18]} Defects in APC are a cause of gastric cancer (GASC) [MIM:613659]; also called gastric cancer intestinal or stomach cancer. Gastric cancer is a malignant disease which starts in the stomach, can spread to the esophagus or the small intestine, and can extend through the stomach wall to nearby lymph nodes and organs. It also can metastasize to other parts of the body. The term gastric cancer or gastric carcinoma refers to adenocarcinoma of the stomach that accounts for most of all gastric malignant tumors. Two main histologic types are recognized, diffuse type and intestinal type carcinomas. Diffuse tumors are poorly differentiated infiltrating lesions, resulting in thickening of the stomach. In contrast, intestinal tumors are usually exophytic, often ulcerating, and associated with intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, most often observed in sporadic disease.^{[19] [20]} Defects in APC are a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [MIM:114550]. This defect includes also the disease entity termed hepatoblastoma.^{[21] [22]} [AMER1_HUMAN] Osteopathia striata - cranial sclerosis. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

[APC_HUMAN] Tumor suppressor. Promotes rapid degradation of CTNNB1 and participates in Wnt signaling as a negative regulator. APC activity is correlated with its phosphorylation state. Activates the GEF activity of SPATA13 and ARHGEF4. Plays a role in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced cell migration. Required for MMP9 up-regulation via the JNK signaling pathway in colorectal tumor cells. Acts as a mediator of ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. It is required for the localization of MACF1 to the cell membrane and this localization of MACF1 is critical for its function in microtubule stabilization.^{[23] [24] [25] [26] [27]} [AMER1_HUMAN] Regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Acts by specifically binding phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), translocating to the cell membrane and interacting with key regulators of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, such as components of the beta-catenin destruction complex. Acts both as a positive and negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, depending on the context: acts as a positive regulator by promoting LRP6 phosphorylation. Also acts as a negative regulator by acting as a scaffold protein for the beta-catenin destruction complex and promoting stabilization of Axin at the cell membrane. Promotes CTNNB1 ubiquitination and degradation. Involved in kidney development.^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [32]}

References

1. ↑ Eccles DM, van der Luijt R, Breukel C, Bullman H, Bunyan D, Fisher A, Barber J, du Boulay C, Primrose J, Burn J, Fodde R. Hereditary desmoid disease due to a frameshift mutation at codon 1924 of the APC gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1193-201. PMID:8940264
2. ↑ Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, Smits R, Berk T, Bouchard HL, Fodde R, Alman B, Bapat B. A germline mutation at the extreme 3' end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet. 2000 Mar;57(3):205-12. PMID:10782927
3. ↑ Nishisho I, Nakamura Y, Miyoshi Y, Miki Y, Ando H, Horii A, Koyama K, Utsunomiya J, Baba S, Hedge P. Mutations of chromosome 5q21 genes in FAP and colorectal cancer patients. Science. 1991 Aug 9;253(5020):665-9. PMID:1651563
4. ↑ Miyoshi Y, Nagase H, Ando H, Horii A, Ichii S, Nakatsuru S, Aoki T, Miki Y, Mori T, Nakamura Y. Somatic mutations of the APC gene in colorectal tumors: mutation cluster region in the APC gene. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Jul;1(4):229-33. PMID:1338904
5. ↑ Nakatsuru S, Yanagisawa A, Ichii S, Tahara E, Kato Y, Nakamura Y, Horii A. Somatic mutation of the APC gene in gastric cancer: frequent mutations in very well differentiated adenocarcinoma and signet-ring cell carcinoma. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Nov;1(8):559-63. PMID:1338691
6. ↑ Nagase H, Miyoshi Y, Horii A, Aoki T, Petersen GM, Vogelstein B, Maher E, Ogawa M, Maruyama M, Utsunomiya J, et al.. Screening for germ-line mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis patients: 61 new patients and a summary of 150 unrelated patients. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(6):467-73. PMID:1338764 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380010603
7. ↑ Dobbie Z, Spycher M, Hurliman R, Ammann R, Ammann T, Roth J, Muller A, Muller H, Scott RJ. Mutational analysis of the first 14 exons of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(11):1709-13. PMID:7833149
8. ↑ Stella A, Montera M, Resta N, Marchese C, Susca F, Gentile M, Romio L, Pilia S, Prete F, Mareni C, et al.. Four novel mutations of the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene in FAP patients. Hum Mol Genet. 1994 Sep;3(9):1687-8. PMID:7833931
9. ↑ van der Luijt RB, Khan PM, Vasen HF, Tops CM, van Leeuwen-Cornelisse IS, Wijnen JT, van der Klift HM, Plug RJ, Griffioen G, Fodde R. Molecular analysis of the APC gene in 105 Dutch kindreds with familial adenomatous polyposis: 67 germline mutations identified by DGGE, PTT, and southern analysis. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(1):7-16. PMID:8990002 doi:<7::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-8 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:1<7::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-8
10. ↑ Lamlum H, Ilyas M, Rowan A, Clark S, Johnson V, Bell J, Frayling I, Efstathiou J, Pack K, Payne S, Roylance R, Gorman P, Sheer D, Neale K, Phillips R, Talbot I, Bodmer W, Tomlinson I. The type of somatic mutation at APC in familial adenomatous polyposis is determined by the site of the germline mutation: a new facet to Knudson's 'two-hit' hypothesis. Nat Med. 1999 Sep;5(9):1071-5. PMID:10470088 doi:10.1038/12511
11. ↑ Eccles DM, van der Luijt R, Breukel C, Bullman H, Bunyan D, Fisher A, Barber J, du Boulay C, Primrose J, Burn J, Fodde R. Hereditary desmoid disease due to a frameshift mutation at codon 1924 of the APC gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1193-201. PMID:8940264
12. ↑ Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, Smits R, Berk T, Bouchard HL, Fodde R, Alman B, Bapat B. A germline mutation at the extreme 3' end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet. 2000 Mar;57(3):205-12. PMID:10782927
13. ↑ Eccles DM, van der Luijt R, Breukel C, Bullman H, Bunyan D, Fisher A, Barber J, du Boulay C, Primrose J, Burn J, Fodde R. Hereditary desmoid disease due to a frameshift mutation at codon 1924 of the APC gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1193-201. PMID:8940264
14. ↑ Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, Smits R, Berk T, Bouchard HL, Fodde R, Alman B, Bapat B. A germline mutation at the extreme 3' end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet. 2000 Mar;57(3):205-12. PMID:10782927
15. ↑ Huang H, Mahler-Araujo BM, Sankila A, Chimelli L, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. APC mutations in sporadic medulloblastomas. Am J Pathol. 2000 Feb;156(2):433-7. PMID:10666372
16. ↑ Eccles DM, van der Luijt R, Breukel C, Bullman H, Bunyan D, Fisher A, Barber J, du Boulay C, Primrose J, Burn J, Fodde R. Hereditary desmoid disease due to a frameshift mutation at codon 1924 of the APC gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1193-201. PMID:8940264
17. ↑ Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, Smits R, Berk T, Bouchard HL, Fodde R, Alman B, Bapat B. A germline mutation at the extreme 3' end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet. 2000 Mar;57(3):205-12. PMID:10782927
18. ↑ Hamilton SR, Liu B, Parsons RE, Papadopoulos N, Jen J, Powell SM, Krush AJ, Berk T, Cohen Z, Tetu B, et al.. The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 30;332(13):839-47. PMID:7661930
19. ↑ Eccles DM, van der Luijt R, Breukel C, Bullman H, Bunyan D, Fisher A, Barber J, du Boulay C, Primrose J, Burn J, Fodde R. Hereditary desmoid disease due to a frameshift mutation at codon 1924 of the APC gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1193-201. PMID:8940264
20. ↑ Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, Smits R, Berk T, Bouchard HL, Fodde R, Alman B, Bapat B. A germline mutation at the extreme 3' end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet. 2000 Mar;57(3):205-12. PMID:10782927
21. ↑ Eccles DM, van der Luijt R, Breukel C, Bullman H, Bunyan D, Fisher A, Barber J, du Boulay C, Primrose J, Burn J, Fodde R. Hereditary desmoid disease due to a frameshift mutation at codon 1924 of the APC gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1996 Dec;59(6):1193-201. PMID:8940264
22. ↑ Couture J, Mitri A, Lagace R, Smits R, Berk T, Bouchard HL, Fodde R, Alman B, Bapat B. A germline mutation at the extreme 3' end of the APC gene results in a severe desmoid phenotype and is associated with overexpression of beta-catenin in the desmoid tumor. Clin Genet. 2000 Mar;57(3):205-12. PMID:10782927
23. ↑ Kawasaki Y, Senda T, Ishidate T, Koyama R, Morishita T, Iwayama Y, Higuchi O, Akiyama T. Asef, a link between the tumor suppressor APC and G-protein signaling. Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1194-7. PMID:10947987
24. ↑ Kawasaki Y, Sagara M, Shibata Y, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S, Akiyama T. Identification and characterization of Asef2, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor specific for Rac1 and Cdc42. Oncogene. 2007 Dec 6;26(55):7620-267. Epub 2007 Jun 18. PMID:17599059 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210574
25. ↑ Kawasaki Y, Tsuji S, Muroya K, Furukawa S, Shibata Y, Okuno M, Ohwada S, Akiyama T. The adenomatous polyposis coli-associated exchange factors Asef and Asef2 are required for adenoma formation in Apc(Min/+)mice. EMBO Rep. 2009 Dec;10(12):1355-62. doi: 10.1038/embor.2009.233. Epub 2009 Nov 6. PMID:19893577 doi:10.1038/embor.2009.233
26. ↑ Sagara M, Kawasaki Y, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Takai Y, Akiyama T. Asef2 and Neurabin2 cooperatively regulate actin cytoskeletal organization and are involved in HGF-induced cell migration. Oncogene. 2009 Mar 12;28(10):1357-65. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.478. Epub 2009 Jan, 19. PMID:19151759 doi:10.1038/onc.2008.478
27. ↑ Zaoui K, Benseddik K, Daou P, Salaun D, Badache A. ErbB2 receptor controls microtubule capture by recruiting ACF7 to the plasma membrane of migrating cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 26;107(43):18517-22. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1000975107. Epub 2010 Oct 11. PMID:20937854 doi:10.1073/pnas.1000975107
28. ↑ Major MB, Camp ND, Berndt JD, Yi X, Goldenberg SJ, Hubbert C, Biechele TL, Gingras AC, Zheng N, Maccoss MJ, Angers S, Moon RT. Wilms tumor suppressor WTX negatively regulates WNT/beta-catenin signaling. Science. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1043-6. PMID:17510365 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science/1141515
29. ↑ Grohmann A, Tanneberger K, Alzner A, Schneikert J, Behrens J. AMER1 regulates the distribution of the tumor suppressor APC between microtubules and the plasma membrane. J Cell Sci. 2007 Nov 1;120(Pt 21):3738-47. Epub 2007 Oct 9. PMID:17925383 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.011320
30. ↑ Rivera MN, Kim WJ, Wells J, Stone A, Burger A, Coffman EJ, Zhang J, Haber DA. The tumor suppressor WTX shuttles to the nucleus and modulates WT1 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 19;106(20):8338-43. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.0811349106. Epub 2009 May 4. PMID:19416806 doi:10.1073/pnas.0811349106
31. ↑ Tanneberger K, Pfister AS, Brauburger K, Schneikert J, Hadjihannas MV, Kriz V, Schulte G, Bryja V, Behrens J. Amer1/WTX couples Wnt-induced formation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to LRP6 phosphorylation. EMBO J. 2011 Apr 20;30(8):1433-43. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2011.28. Epub 2011 Feb 8. PMID:21304492 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.28
32. ↑ Tanneberger K, Pfister AS, Kriz V, Bryja V, Schambony A, Behrens J. Structural and functional characterization of the Wnt inhibitor APC membrane recruitment 1 (Amer1). J Biol Chem. 2011 Jun 3;286(22):19204-14. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M111.224881. Epub 2011, Apr 15. PMID:21498506 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.224881
33. ↑ Zhang Z, Akyildiz S, Xiao Y, Gai Z, An Y, Behrens J, Wu G. Structures of the APC-ARM domain in complexes with discrete Amer1/WTX fragments reveal that it uses a consensus mode to recognize its binding partners. Cell Discov. 2015 Jul 14;1:15016. doi: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.16. eCollection, 2015. PMID:27462415 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/celldisc.2015.16