Belsomra

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PDB ID 4S0V

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, also known as Suvorexant, is a medication used to treat insomnia. [1]. While most other insomnia drugs, like Ambien and Lunesta, are Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists and work to slow down neuronal firings, Belsomra is the first drug to target orexin [2]. Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors in order to cause alertness and wakefulness. By targeting these neurotransmitters, Belsomra cuts off the signals causing one to be awake, and will result in sleep [1].

Contents

Function

The orexin neuropeptides, and , can excite neurons in the brain and affect multiple systems, including the acetylcholine, dopamine, histamine, and norepinephrine systems [3]. These orexin neuropeptides bind to the receptors, Orexin receptors types 1 and 2, which are G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The GPCRs can sense a molecule outside the cell and send a signal through transduction in order to cause the cells to respond [4]. Thus, binding of the two can control wakefulness and sleep in homo sapiens. In studies, Orexin-B has shown to be more selective in binding, choosing to bind to Orexin receptor type 2 a majority of the time. Orexin-A has shown an equal selectivity at both types of receptors [3]. Belsomra is a dual orexin receptor antagonist, and has the ability to block both Orexin receptors 1 and 2, thus inhibiting the neuropeptides from binding. By blocking this interaction, sleep can occur [1].

Structural Highlights

Belsomra assumes a conformation similar to that of a horseshoe when binding to either orexin receptor 1 or . Through steric hindrance, this horseshoe conformation halts transmembrane domain movement by making contact with the alpha-helices of all transmembrane domains except for the first one upon entering the binding site of the receptor. [5]. Types of interactions between Belsomra and both orexin receptor subtypes include Van Der Waals interactions, aromatic packing via the pi bonds of aromatic amino acids, and hydrogen bonding. The most significant hydrogen bond occurs between the amide of the orexin receptors’ and an amide on Belsomra. [6]. Water molecules also play a role in hydrogen bonding via formation of bridges between the Belsomra drug itself and the orexin receptors’ Asn324 and . [7]. Structural differences of the two orexin receptors’ binding sites involve only two amino acids: receptor 1 has a serine that is a threonine in receptor 2, and an alanine in receptor 1 is a threonine in receptor 2. [8].


Relationship to Insomnia

Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is seen to be mostly caused by stress, and results in inefficient cooperation between the sleep and wake pathways of the arousal system[9]. The branch of the arousal system that reaches the lateral hypothalamus, which contains the melanin-concentrated orexin neuropeptide signaling system, is one of the most significantly affected areas of the wakefulness network. This orexin system is a major promoter for wakefulness and is most active during efforts to sustain and maintain arousal, while showing little activity during sleep. Orexins show little activity during sleep because the systems to promote wakefulness are blocked by neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus and thus cannot fire. During sleep, these VLPO neurons are activated and form dense clusters containing GABA and galanin, which aid in their function as inhibitors for arousal[10]. With insomnia, the structures regulating a patient’s arousal system are unusually active during sleep, and thus the system fails to deactivate. Belsomra is a drug that counteracts this by serving as a dual antagonist in its interactions with Orexin receptors 1 and 2, in the aim of deactivating the arousal system in order for patients to sleep with little orexin activity present. This could also exacerbate the symptoms of narcolepsy, as the already little orexin activity would be diminished at great risk to patients with the sleep disorder[11].

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Aschenbrenner, DS. First Orexin Receptor Antagonist Approved for Insomnia. AJN, American Journal of Nursing. 2014 Dec;114(12):26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000457406.61092.35.
  2. ↑ Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of suvorexant. CNS Spectr. 2016 Jun;21(3):215-8. doi: 10.1017/S1092852916000225. PMID:27322687 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1092852916000225
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Krystal AD, Benca RM, Kilduff TS. Understanding the sleep-wake cycle: sleep, insomnia, and the orexin system. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74 Suppl 1:3-20. doi: 10.4088/JCP.13011su1c. PMID:24107804 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13011su1c
  4. ↑ Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chemelli RM, Tanaka H, Williams SC, Richardson JA, Kozlowski GP, Wilson S, Arch JR, Buckingham RE, Haynes AC, Carr SA, Annan RS, McNulty DE, Liu WS, Terrett JA, Elshourbagy NA, Bergsma DJ, Yanagisawa M. Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell. 1998 Feb 20;92(4):573-85. PMID:9491897
  5. ↑ Yin J, Mobarec JC, Kolb P, Rosenbaum DM. Crystal structure of the human OX orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant. Nature. 2014 Dec 22. doi: 10.1038/nature14035. PMID:25533960 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14035
  6. ↑ Yin J, Mobarec JC, Kolb P, Rosenbaum DM. Crystal structure of the human OX orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant. Nature. 2014 Dec 22. doi: 10.1038/nature14035. PMID:25533960 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14035
  7. ↑ Yin J, Mobarec JC, Kolb P, Rosenbaum DM. Crystal structure of the human OX orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant. Nature. 2014 Dec 22. doi: 10.1038/nature14035. PMID:25533960 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14035
  8. ↑ Yin J, Mobarec JC, Kolb P, Rosenbaum DM. Crystal structure of the human OX orexin receptor bound to the insomnia drug suvorexant. Nature. 2014 Dec 22. doi: 10.1038/nature14035. PMID:25533960 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14035
  9. ↑ Pagel, J. F., & Parnes, B. L. (2001). Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders: An Overview. Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(3), 118–125. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/PCC.v03n0303
  10. ↑ Schwartz JR, Roth T. Neurophysiology of sleep and wakefulness: basic science and clinical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2008 Dec;6(4):367-78. doi: 10.2174/157015908787386050. PMID:19587857 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157015908787386050
  11. ↑ Sutton EL. Profile of suvorexant in the management of insomnia. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015 Nov 11;9:6035-42. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S73224. eCollection, 2015. PMID:26648692 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S73224
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