Sandbox Reserved 1093

From Proteopedia

proteopedia linkproteopedia link

is a transmembrane protein that can be found in human neurons. It functions as postsynaptic organizers that induce excitatory synapses. LRRTM2 is prominently expressed in deep layers, rather than superficial layers, of the cerebral cortex. LRRTM2 specifically localizes in excitatory synapses, and not in inhibitory synapses. In addition, LRRTMs interact with neurexins[1]to bridge the synaptic cleft.

Contents 1 Structural highlights 2 Function 3 Related Structures 4 Disease 5 References

Structural highlights

spinqualitylabelsall models PDB ID 5z8x Show:Asymmetric Unit Biological Assembly Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate   Export Animated Image The X-ray structure of LRRTM2 reveals that this transmembrane protein is composed of 3 main domains: a N-terminal leucine rich repeat domain which is extracellular, a single transmembrane domain and a C-terminal cytoplasmic region. The protein is composed of 516 amino acids. 1) The N-terminal signal peptide is long of 33 amino. The extracellular domain contains 399 amino acids organized in 2 cysteine-rich domains ( and ) and (LRR). Each LRR domain is composed of 21 amino acids containing the conserved 11-aa sequence, LxxLxLxxN/ CxL, where x is any amino acid, and and asparagine can be replaced with other hydrophobic residues. The leucine rich repeat domain forms a convex structure stabilized by a spine. The concave surface is composed of a continuous , which provides an effective ligand-binding site, whereas the convex surface consists of , which affect the curvature of the LRR domain. The N-terminal domain allows for the fixation of neurexins (Nrxns) [1] which bind to the concave surface of the LRR1-LRR5 part of the protein. This fixation is mediated by calcium ions which interacts with the of LRRTMT2. It was also observed that interacts with Ca2+ through a water molecule. In top of the Ca2+ mediated interaction, there is the formation of a hydrogen bound between the of LRRTM2 and the Arg206 of Nrxns as well as hydrophobic interactions between the LRRTM2 and Nrxns Leu208. The fixation of Nrxns doesn’t change the conformation of the protein aside from Glu348 flipping toward the calcium ions. 2) Trans Membrane domain The transmembrane domain is a 21 amino acid long helical domain. 3) C-term fixation domain The cytoplasmic domain contains 73 amino acids. It has been shown that the deletion of 55 residues from the C-terminal domain leads to abnormal intracellular trafficking pathway. This results in LRRTM2 being present everywhere in the cell. This domain also contains a PSD consensus cytoplasmic binding domain (ECEV) which binds PSD-95 [2] (postsynaptic scaffolding protein)

Function

1) Interaction with intracellular proteins

As a major regulator of excitatory synapse formation, the LRRTM2 protein plays a key role in the regulation of the postsynaptic fonctions. It has been shown that the binding between LRRTM2 and PSD-95 protein was responsible for the regulation of AMPA receptor expression. The AMPA receptors ( AMPARs) are transmembrane receptors located on the postsynaptic membrane. They are activated by the artificial glutamate AMPA which allows the transmission of the information. So, the expression of LRRTM2 in the neurons of the hippocampus have a direct link with the density of excitatory synapses . The greater the quantity of LRRTM2, the greater the density of excitatory synapses without affecting inhibitory synapse density. So, LRRTM2 has a direct influence on the glutamatergic synaptic transmission strength. It has also been noted that the repression of LRRTM2 induced a decrease in the density of PSD-95. Thus, LRRTM2 recruits PSD-95 at postsynaptic density and then binds to PSD-95 via the ECFV cytoplasmic motif. The interaction of PSD-95 with glutamate receptors, located at the postsynaptic density surface, as well as with other synaptic synaptic proteins, regulates then the synaptic strength and plasticity. LRRTM2 has a direct influence on the synaptic surface expression of GLUR1 which is on of the four subunits that composed the tetramers AMPARs. This requires that LRRTM2 either directly recruits AMPA and NMPA or indirectly by recruiting PSD-95 and TARP. By the interaction with important postsynaptic component, LRRTM2 turns out to be crucial in the regulation of the postsynaptic fonctions.

2) Interaction with extracellular proteins

In addition LRRT2 binds specifically to Neurexin1a and 1b. This binding plays a critical role in the formation of excitatory synapses. Without Neurexin1, LRRTM2 cannot act on presynaptic differentiation in axons. In addition, the presynaptic receptors Neurexin 1a and 1 are known to be receptors for Neurologine 1, a protein similar to LRRTM2. Neurologine 1 also regulates the formation of excitatory synapses.

Related Structures

LRRTMs Family


All four members of the human LRRTM family are highly similar in their LRR domains with >55% sequence identity. But only LRRTM1 and LRRTM2 have been extensively studied in the context of the interaction with Nrxn. This is due to the fact that some critical residues for binding with Nrxn1β [2] have been replaced in LRRTM3 and LRRTM4, such as , , and . The replacement of Glu348 by Val in LRRTM3 is likely to prevent of the interaction between Ca2+ and Nrxn1β. It is possible that other specific residue(s) of LRRTM3/4 may also prevent the binding.

Ligands

The structure of the complex [3]is being determined by co-crystallisation. A mutation from His 355 to Ala 355 without affecting the complex structure is necessary to maintain the stability of the crystal.

Other synaptic organisers

Neuroligins (NLs)

LRRTM2 bind to Neurexins 1, 2 and 3 ︎and ︎a variant region at splice site 4 in the LNS. As the variant region lacking a 30 amino acid insert (-S4), LRRTM2 cannot induce presynaptic differentiation in neurons. On the contrary, Neuroligin1 binds to Neurexins 1, 2, and 3, has a higher affinity with Neurexin 1 (-S4) than with Neurexin 1 (+S4)

GluD2 [[4]]

Neurexins

Neurexins (Nrxns) [5]is a family of the presynaptic organizer which interact with several postsynaptic organizers such as LRRTM2. There are three Neurexin genes in vertebrates, each corresponding to a different promoter type. Neurexins are characterized by their laminin-neurexin-sex hormone (LNS) domains. ︎ have six whereas ︎ have a single LNS domain. The α-helical conformation causes severe steric hindrance with the bound LRRTM2, whereas the β-stranded conformation causes no obvious steric hindrance.

Disease

A large number of researches shows that LRRTM2 is related to bipolar disorder. A deletion (240 kb) at 5q31 chromosomal region containing LRRTM2 and CTNNA1 has been shown to be related to intellectual disability and developmental delay.

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6160412/ https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271175/1-s2.0-S0168010217X00047/1-s2.0-S0168010216302176/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEIn%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQD9y3Gq4IpA3WUL5u%2Fkg2WA1Xkc%2FecGOKwBvrh87jA43QIhALaUG9EO6UsgdfDX4BdAFQdHgdcRASV4GY5gcp4MpAU1KrQDCBEQAhoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgxX8k4XAFbLEwxUIxEqkQMGYQSzdSg4KJygQuQhcirZ5z1dcUiJllkhebembjnSpLm2HgwQyXo8kS7OyOG4LrZK%2FpuVLgcwKJPzhlzfC8hvL4XkbdOHINPOAHjqrQAZfDUTyerG37EygqlyBH3ozWLj6bBRzb4qjtTKHiJXIVViFUwE4kLnUx%2BG1P9nlMZKiKwjTTZANO6qdo02b0eBH5wtGZXkTThixMrkac5AkC%2F6lv55c6GQkaGJ7QFUTzuMDhw1jnjgjh3SYEvL3zSXYMMmK9cdAvX47pXUxrx2upPm%2B1b6tXK9t%2BtcMhmGekMeq%2BQ4vgAGco9W47wKMZckdEtWsBwLD0ouczegSiUsY2j7%2Bkbrq3doyu8IVfj2trxYgsDhsot0o9LFT6vU4OcBDau43lRiWt28NL9taG2HVIr6S0JpdQrG5GnhP%2B9JBw0NzpNienHWZklAjtH5Yf2UdelMJoVxQVhA5Wt%2BxJdRYEa96OmlsXN%2FPrTFepkkdCM8oRnTDPYIsrzdNE7ztyE%2BKdycj4X5AmvBRpmLhlhj8JCajzDXhObwBTrqAbLxyZNQ%2F%2BztbwIwb1i%2FYTwtf4elBbvP75%2F%2BPavRxseS9SYjHMist7P2A3ic9sXaaRIVHQ%2BiNot7dRJXTHEmnQm%2Fpv7wJS%2BL3FrBNKhq2dtEs3wZwYiSkGRlQcFqq9B%2F6z%2FEpYEhZyY%2BXvVFlPy3UBFWSae%2B7sI6WH7Ioqesc5tp20wMy%2B86dD5OmNOpvKjmiRLEEzQU3yDhDHJbx3MEUlMTaugj2oDUpQwOhwwHGH5RWTUcyZQY2%2FZXTfvrmb4CbE9z%2BStJMmKQNGFFSfwmHo5tGI5vdQhOhljI0Jbg6Uarx7PMrUlHTCMy%2FA%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200111T090940Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYRBGSTTXK%2F20200111%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=f3a0fb03947cf2be7f5c0d563d999a97cbc798dfcf6a9362970a2b4f22429f84&hash=733b1d2a78272d2393866d8fc6492b461308206ea979170d41dd5fa61f0ff15f&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0168010216302176&tid=spdf-83ad8d7e-b6c3-48f3-ac67-86f9a916e1d5&sid=45412b395b1d0047476b49a0dd1ef07e3ef6gxrqb&type=client https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211124715015375 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959438810001364#! https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/341252 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6160412/ https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43300 https://books.google.fr/books?id=hLS9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325&lpg=PA325&dq=LRRTM2+cytoplasmic+domain&source=bl&ots=5qlA_emVJs&sig=ACfU3U3tO8IN9lWW0rq3DDJbolvaJAo6Tw&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij9K_eofLmAhVCqxoKHZzPD8oQ6AEwAnoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=LRRTM2%20cytoplasmic%20domain&f=false - Cell Adhesion Molecules: Implications in Neurological Diseases publié par Vladimir Berezin, Peter S. Walmod https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3887770/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jnc.13159 https://www.rcsb.org/structure/5Z8X