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Receptor protein serine/threonine kinases
TGF-beta receptor
Activin receptor
3D structure of the kinase domain of Activin receptor1 (Acvr1) complex with inhibitor shows with the protein including a and a [1]. Water molecule is shown as red sphere.
Receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinase
. The LRRNT, LRRs (numbered as indicated) and the non-LRR region of TMK3-LRR are colored in green, whitesmoke and blue, respectively. The three disulfide bonds (Cys54-Cys61, Cys315-Cys323 and Cys353-Cys361) are depicted in yellow. “N” and “C” represent N- and C-terminus, respectively.
Bone morphogenetic protein receptors
(BMP-7) is a protein that is involved in a variety of aspects of embryonic and adult development. Some of the areas it is involved in are neural tissue induction, the formation of bones and joints in the skeletal system, and neurogenesis in the adult brain. It regulated through the binding of different antagonists, such as Noggin, forming that shows the two separate components of the complex.
Neural induction is the process by which the undifferentiated ectoderm layer of the embryo are signaled to form neuro-ectoderm cells by the mesoderm. These differentiated cells will become neural cells. Only some of the cells are signaled to differentiate in this way, and the rest become the epidermis.
In bone formation, first a flexible membrane is formed in the embryo that develops into cartilage. As the embryo develops, signaling through proteins in the BMP family including BMP-7 causing ossification to occur, which is the process of forming bone, replacing the cartilage membranes. This can be seen in the development of the skull. BMP can also signal for cartilage to transform to bone, which is how much of the rest of the skeleton develops.
One of the most important aspects of BMP-7 is its role in neurogenesis in the adult brain. Neurogenesis is the process by which new neurons are created in the adult brain. Initially it was thought that proteins in the BMP family would inhibit neurogenesis unless deactivated by the antagonist, Noggin. But when the levels of neurogenesis were examined with the over expression and signalling of BMP, there was no inhibition of the creation of neurons. In fact further research has shown that BMP-mediated signalling is required to allow neurogenesis in adults.[i]
Because BMP’s are crucial in much of the development and upkeep of many organs and systems, there are many disease that can arise or be affected by dysfunctional BMP genes and proteins. The incorrect implementation of BMP-7 during development can result in issues with skeletal and neural development. BMP-7 can also have impacts after the initial fetal development. Research has linked a lack of BMP-7 signalling to the progression of gastrointestinal cancers, particularly colon and esophageal cancer.
Toll-like Receptors
See also:
