| Structural highlights
Function
MTOR_HUMAN Serine/threonine protein kinase which is a central regulator of cellular metabolism, growth and survival in response to hormones, growth factors, nutrients, energy and stress signals. Functions as part of 2 structurally and functionally distinct signaling complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 1 and 2). Activated mTORC1 up-regulates protein synthesis by phosphorylating key regulators of mRNA translation and ribosome synthesis. This includes phosphorylation of EIF4EBP1 and release of its inhibition toward the elongation initiation factor 4E (eiF4E). Moreover, phosphorylates and activates RPS6KB1 and RPS6KB2 that promote protein synthesis by modulating the activity of their downstream targets including ribosomal protein S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor EIF4B and the inhibitor of translation initiation PDCD4. Regulates ribosome synthesis by activating RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription through phosphorylation and inhibition of MAF1 a RNA polymerase III-repressor. In parallel to protein synthesis, also regulates lipid synthesis through SREBF1/SREBP1 and LPIN1. To maintain energy homeostasis mTORC1 may also regulate mitochondrial biogenesis through regulation of PPARGC1A. mTORC1 also negatively regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ULK1. Under nutrient sufficiency, phosphorylates ULK1 at 'Ser-758', disrupting the interaction with AMPK and preventing activation of ULK1. Also prevents autophagy through phosphorylation of the autophagy inhibitor DAP. mTORC1 exerts a feedback control on upstream growth factor signaling that includes phosphorylation and activation of GRB10 a INSR-dependent signaling suppressor. Among other potential targets mTORC1 may phosphorylate CLIP1 and regulate microtubules. As part of the mTORC2 complex MTOR may regulate other cellular processes including survival and organization of the cytoskeleton. Plays a critical role in the phosphorylation at 'Ser-473' of AKT1, a pro-survival effector of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, facilitating its activation by PDK1. mTORC2 may regulate the actin cytoskeleton, through phosphorylation of PRKCA, PXN and activation of the Rho-type guanine nucleotide exchange factors RHOA and RAC1A or RAC1B. mTORC2 also regulates the phosphorylation of SGK1 at 'Ser-422'.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Hyperactivation of mTOR kinase by mutations in the PI3K/mTOR pathway or by crosstalk with other mutant cancer drivers, such as RAS, is a feature of many tumors. Multiple allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1 and orthosteric dual inhibitors of mTORC1 and mTORC2 have been developed as anticancer drugs, but their clinical utility has been limited. To address these limitations, we have developed a novel class of "bi-steric inhibitors" that interact with both the orthosteric and the allosteric binding sites in order to deepen the inhibition of mTORC1 while also preserving selectivity for mTORC1 over mTORC2. In this report, we describe the discovery and preclinical profile of the development candidate RMC-5552 and the in vivo preclinical tool compound RMC-6272. We also present evidence that selective inhibition of mTORC1 in combination with covalent inhibition of KRAS(G12C) shows increased antitumor activity in a preclinical model of KRAS(G12C) mutant NSCLC that exhibits resistance to KRAS(G12C) inhibitor monotherapy.
Discovery of RMC-5552, a Selective Bi-Steric Inhibitor of mTORC1, for the Treatment of mTORC1-Activated Tumors.,Burnett GL, Yang YC, Aggen JB, Pitzen J, Gliedt MK, Semko CM, Marquez A, Evans JW, Wang G, Won WS, Tomlinson ACA, Kiss G, Tzitzilonis C, Thottumkara AP, Cregg J, Mellem KT, Choi JS, Lee JC, Zhao Y, Lee BJ, Meyerowitz JG, Knox JE, Jiang J, Wang Z, Wildes D, Wang Z, Singh M, Smith JAM, Gill AL J Med Chem. 2022 Dec 19. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01658. PMID:36533617[17]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Hara K, Maruki Y, Long X, Yoshino K, Oshiro N, Hidayat S, Tokunaga C, Avruch J, Yonezawa K. Raptor, a binding partner of target of rapamycin (TOR), mediates TOR action. Cell. 2002 Jul 26;110(2):177-89. PMID:12150926
- ↑ Choi JH, Bertram PG, Drenan R, Carvalho J, Zhou HH, Zheng XF. The FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein (FRAP) is a CLIP-170 kinase. EMBO Rep. 2002 Oct;3(10):988-94. Epub 2002 Sep 13. PMID:12231510 doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf197
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- ↑ Inoki K, Zhu T, Guan KL. TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell. 2003 Nov 26;115(5):577-90. PMID:14651849
- ↑ Kim DH, Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, Latek RR, Guntur KV, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Sabatini DM. GbetaL, a positive regulator of the rapamycin-sensitive pathway required for the nutrient-sensitive interaction between raptor and mTOR. Mol Cell. 2003 Apr;11(4):895-904. PMID:12718876
- ↑ Sarbassov DD, Ali SM, Kim DH, Guertin DA, Latek RR, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Sabatini DM. Rictor, a novel binding partner of mTOR, defines a rapamycin-insensitive and raptor-independent pathway that regulates the cytoskeleton. Curr Biol. 2004 Jul 27;14(14):1296-302. PMID:15268862 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.06.054
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- ↑ Jacinto E, Loewith R, Schmidt A, Lin S, Ruegg MA, Hall A, Hall MN. Mammalian TOR complex 2 controls the actin cytoskeleton and is rapamycin insensitive. Nat Cell Biol. 2004 Nov;6(11):1122-8. Epub 2004 Oct 3. PMID:15467718 doi:10.1038/ncb1183
- ↑ Sarbassov DD, Guertin DA, Ali SM, Sabatini DM. Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science. 2005 Feb 18;307(5712):1098-101. PMID:15718470 doi:307/5712/1098
- ↑ Garcia-Martinez JM, Alessi DR. mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) controls hydrophobic motif phosphorylation and activation of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1 (SGK1). Biochem J. 2008 Dec 15;416(3):375-85. doi: 10.1042/BJ20081668. PMID:18925875 doi:10.1042/BJ20081668
- ↑ Porstmann T, Santos CR, Griffiths B, Cully M, Wu M, Leevers S, Griffiths JR, Chung YL, Schulze A. SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth. Cell Metab. 2008 Sep;8(3):224-36. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.007. PMID:18762023 doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.07.007
- ↑ Sancak Y, Peterson TR, Shaul YD, Lindquist RA, Thoreen CC, Bar-Peled L, Sabatini DM. The Rag GTPases bind raptor and mediate amino acid signaling to mTORC1. Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1496-501. doi: 10.1126/science.1157535. Epub 2008 , May 22. PMID:18497260 doi:10.1126/science.1157535
- ↑ Koren I, Reem E, Kimchi A. DAP1, a novel substrate of mTOR, negatively regulates autophagy. Curr Biol. 2010 Jun 22;20(12):1093-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.041. Epub 2010, May 27. PMID:20537536 doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.041
- ↑ Michels AA, Robitaille AM, Buczynski-Ruchonnet D, Hodroj W, Reina JH, Hall MN, Hernandez N. mTORC1 directly phosphorylates and regulates human MAF1. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Aug;30(15):3749-57. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00319-10. Epub 2010 Jun , 1. PMID:20516213 doi:10.1128/MCB.00319-10
- ↑ Hsu PP, Kang SA, Rameseder J, Zhang Y, Ottina KA, Lim D, Peterson TR, Choi Y, Gray NS, Yaffe MB, Marto JA, Sabatini DM. The mTOR-regulated phosphoproteome reveals a mechanism of mTORC1-mediated inhibition of growth factor signaling. Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1317-22. doi: 10.1126/science.1199498. PMID:21659604 doi:10.1126/science.1199498
- ↑ Burnett GL, Yang YC, Aggen JB, Pitzen J, Gliedt MK, Semko CM, Marquez A, Evans JW, Wang G, Won WS, Tomlinson ACA, Kiss G, Tzitzilonis C, Thottumkara AP, Cregg J, Mellem KT, Choi JS, Lee JC, Zhao Y, Lee BJ, Meyerowitz JG, Knox JE, Jiang J, Wang Z, Wildes D, Wang Z, Singh M, Smith JAM, Gill AL. Discovery of RMC-5552, a Selective Bi-Steric Inhibitor of mTORC1, for the Treatment of mTORC1-Activated Tumors. J Med Chem. 2022 Dec 19. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01658. PMID:36533617 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01658
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