| Structural highlights
Disease
BRAF_HUMAN Note=Defects in BRAF are found in a wide range of cancers.[1] Defects in BRAF may be a cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) [MIM:114500.[2] Defects in BRAF are involved in lung cancer (LNCR) [MIM:211980. LNCR is a common malignancy affecting tissues of the lung. The most common form of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that can be divided into 3 major histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. NSCLC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis.[3] [4] Defects in BRAF are involved in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) [MIM:605027. NHL is a cancer that starts in cells of the lymph system, which is part of the body's immune system. NHLs can occur at any age and are often marked by enlarged lymph nodes, fever and weight loss.[5] [6] Defects in BRAF are a cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome) [MIM:115150; also known as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. CFC syndrome is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects and mental retardation. Heart defects include pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some affected individuals present with ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse, friable hair, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and a generalized ichthyosis-like condition. Typical facial features are similar to Noonan syndrome. They include high forehead with bitemporal constriction, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, downslanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, and posteriorly angulated ears with prominent helices. The inheritance of CFC syndrome is autosomal dominant.[7] Defects in BRAF are the cause of Noonan syndrome type 7 (NS7) [MIM:613706. Noonan syndrome is a disorder characterized by facial dysmorphic features such as hypertelorism, a downward eyeslant and low-set posteriorly rotated ears. Other features can include short stature, a short neck with webbing or redundancy of skin, cardiac anomalies, deafness, motor delay and variable intellectual deficits.[8] [9] Defects in BRAF are the cause of LEOPARD syndrome type 3 (LEOPARD3) [MIM:613707. LEOPARD3 is a disorder characterized by lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormalities of genitalia, retardation of growth, and sensorineural deafness.[10] [11] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving BRAF is found in pilocytic astrocytomas. A tandem duplication of 2 Mb at 7q34 leads to the expression of a KIAA1549-BRAF fusion protein with a constitutive kinase activity and inducing cell transformation.[12]
Function
BRAF_HUMAN Involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. May play a role in the postsynaptic responses of hippocampal neuron.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Optimization of a series of aryl urea RAF inhibitors led to the identification of type II pan-RAF inhibitor GNE-0749 (7), which features a fluoroquinazolinone hinge-binding motif. By minimizing reliance on common polar hinge contacts, this hinge binder allows for a greater contribution of RAF-specific residue interactions, resulting in exquisite kinase selectivity. Strategic substitution of fluorine at the C5 position efficiently masked the adjacent polar NH functionality and increased solubility by impeding a solid-state conformation associated with stronger crystal packing of the molecule. The resulting improvements in permeability and solubility enabled oral dosing of 7. In vivo evaluation of 7 in combination with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib demonstrated synergistic pathway inhibition and significant tumor growth inhibition in a KRAS mutant xenograft mouse model.
Targeting KRAS Mutant Cancers via Combination Treatment: Discovery of a 5-Fluoro-4-(3H)-quinazolinone Aryl Urea pan-RAF Kinase Inhibitor.,Huestis MP, Dela Cruz D, DiPasquale AG, Durk MR, Eigenbrot C, Gibbons P, Gobbi A, Hunsaker TL, La H, Leung DH, Liu W, Malek S, Merchant M, Moffat JG, Muli CS, Orr CJ, Parr BT, Shanahan F, Sneeringer CJ, Wang W, Yen I, Yin J, Siu M, Rudolph J J Med Chem. 2021 Apr 8;64(7):3940-3955. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02085. Epub, 2021 Mar 29. PMID:33780623[13]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Naoki K, Chen TH, Richards WG, Sugarbaker DJ, Meyerson M. Missense mutations of the BRAF gene in human lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 2002 Dec 1;62(23):7001-3. PMID:12460919
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Lee JW, Yoo NJ, Soung YH, Kim HS, Park WS, Kim SY, Lee JH, Park JY, Cho YG, Kim CJ, Ko YH, Kim SH, Nam SW, Lee JY, Lee SH. BRAF mutations in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 2003 Nov 17;89(10):1958-60. PMID:14612909 doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601371
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Sarkozy A, Carta C, Moretti S, Zampino G, Digilio MC, Pantaleoni F, Scioletti AP, Esposito G, Cordeddu V, Lepri F, Petrangeli V, Dentici ML, Mancini GM, Selicorni A, Rossi C, Mazzanti L, Marino B, Ferrero GB, Silengo MC, Memo L, Stanzial F, Faravelli F, Stuppia L, Puxeddu E, Gelb BD, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. Germline BRAF mutations in Noonan, LEOPARD, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes: molecular diversity and associated phenotypic spectrum. Hum Mutat. 2009 Apr;30(4):695-702. doi: 10.1002/humu.20955. PMID:19206169 doi:10.1002/humu.20955
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Sarkozy A, Carta C, Moretti S, Zampino G, Digilio MC, Pantaleoni F, Scioletti AP, Esposito G, Cordeddu V, Lepri F, Petrangeli V, Dentici ML, Mancini GM, Selicorni A, Rossi C, Mazzanti L, Marino B, Ferrero GB, Silengo MC, Memo L, Stanzial F, Faravelli F, Stuppia L, Puxeddu E, Gelb BD, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M. Germline BRAF mutations in Noonan, LEOPARD, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes: molecular diversity and associated phenotypic spectrum. Hum Mutat. 2009 Apr;30(4):695-702. doi: 10.1002/humu.20955. PMID:19206169 doi:10.1002/humu.20955
- ↑ Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Backlund LM, Ichimura K, Collins VP. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;68(21):8673-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097. PMID:18974108 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2097
- ↑ Huestis MP, Dela Cruz D, DiPasquale AG, Durk MR, Eigenbrot C, Gibbons P, Gobbi A, Hunsaker TL, La H, Leung DH, Liu W, Malek S, Merchant M, Moffat JG, Muli CS, Orr CJ, Parr BT, Shanahan F, Sneeringer CJ, Wang W, Yen I, Yin J, Siu M, Rudolph J. Targeting KRAS Mutant Cancers via Combination Treatment: Discovery of a 5-Fluoro-4-(3H)-quinazolinone Aryl Urea pan-RAF Kinase Inhibitor. J Med Chem. 2021 Apr 8;64(7):3940-3955. PMID:33780623 doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02085
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