5ze3

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Crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) in a precursor state

<StructureSection load='5ze3' size='340' side='right'caption='5ze3, resolution 2.40Å' scene=>

Structural highlights

5ze3 is a 2 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Method:X-ray diffraction, Resolution 2.4Å
Ligands:<scene name='pdbligand=CA:CALCIUM+ION'>CA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene>
Resources:FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT

Function

LOXL2_HUMAN Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine) (PubMed:27735137). Acts as a transcription corepressor and specifically mediates deamination of trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation (PubMed:27735137). Shows no activity against histone H3 when it is trimethylated on 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) or 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) or when 'Lys-4' is monomethylated (H3K4me1) or dimethylated (H3K4me2) (PubMed:27735137). Also mediates deamination of methylated TAF10, a member of the transcription factor IID (TFIID) complex, which induces release of TAF10 from promoters, leading to inhibition of TFIID-dependent transcription (PubMed:25959397). LOXL2-mediated deamination of TAF10 results in transcriptional repression of genes required for embryonic stem cell pluripotency including POU5F1/OCT4, NANOG, KLF4 and SOX2 (By similarity). Involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) via interaction with SNAI1 and participates in repression of E-cadherin CDH1, probably by mediating deamination of histone H3 (PubMed:16096638, PubMed:27735137, PubMed:24414204). During EMT, involved with SNAI1 in negatively regulating pericentromeric heterochromatin transcription (PubMed:24239292). SNAI1 recruits LOXL2 to pericentromeric regions to oxidize histone H3 and repress transcription which leads to release of heterochromatin component CBX5/HP1A, enabling chromatin reorganization and acquisition of mesenchymal traits (PubMed:24239292). Interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum protein HSPA5 which activates the IRE1-XBP1 pathway of the unfolded protein response, leading to expression of several transcription factors involved in EMT and subsequent EMT induction (PubMed:28332555). Involved in E-cadherin repression following hypoxia, a hallmark of EMT believed to amplify tumor aggressiveness, suggesting that it may play a role in tumor progression (PubMed:20026874). When secreted into the extracellular matrix, promotes cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins by mediating oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin (PubMed:20306300). Acts as a regulator of sprouting angiogenesis, probably via collagen IV scaffolding (PubMed:21835952). Acts as a regulator of chondrocyte differentiation, probably by regulating expression of factors that control chondrocyte differentiation (By similarity).[UniProtKB:P58022][1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Publication Abstract from PubMed

Lysyl oxidases (LOXs), a type of copper- and lysyl tyrosylquinone (LTQ) -dependent amine oxidase, catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine residues of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastins and collagens and generate aldehyde groups. The oxidative deamination of lysine represents the foundational step for the cross-linking of elastin and collagen and thus is crucial for ECM modeling. Despite their physiological significance, the structure of this important family of enzymes remains elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) at 2.4-A resolution. Unexpectedly, the copper-binding site of hLOXL2 is occupied by zinc, which blocks LTQ generation and the enzymatic activity of hLOXL2 in our in vitro assay. Biochemical analysis confirms that copper loading robustly activates hLOXL2 and supports LTQ formation. Furthermore, the LTQ precursor residues in the structure are distanced by 16.6 A, corroborating the notion that the present structure may represent a precursor state and that pronounced conformational rearrangements would be required for protein activation. The structure presented here establishes an important foundation for understanding the structure-function relationship of LOX proteins and will facilitate LOX-targeting drug discovery.

Crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) in a precursor state.,Zhang X, Wang Q, Wu J, Wang J, Shi Y, Liu M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Mar 26. pii: 1720859115. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1720859115. PMID:29581294[9]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

References

  1. ↑ Peinado H, Del Carmen Iglesias-de la Cruz M, Olmeda D, Csiszar K, Fong KS, Vega S, Nieto MA, Cano A, Portillo F. A molecular role for lysyl oxidase-like 2 enzyme in snail regulation and tumor progression. EMBO J. 2005 Oct 5;24(19):3446-58. Epub 2005 Aug 18. PMID:16096638 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600781
  2. ↑ Schietke R, Warnecke C, Wacker I, Schodel J, Mole DR, Campean V, Amann K, Goppelt-Struebe M, Behrens J, Eckardt KU, Wiesener MS. The lysyl oxidases LOX and LOXL2 are necessary and sufficient to repress E-cadherin in hypoxia: insights into cellular transformation processes mediated by HIF-1. J Biol Chem. 2010 Feb 26;285(9):6658-69. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.042424. Epub 2009 , Dec 21. PMID:20026874 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.042424
  3. ↑ Kim YM, Kim EC, Kim Y. The human lysyl oxidase-like 2 protein functions as an amine oxidase toward collagen and elastin. Mol Biol Rep. 2011 Jan;38(1):145-9. doi: 10.1007/s11033-010-0088-0. Epub 2010 Mar, 21. PMID:20306300 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0088-0
  4. ↑ Bignon M, Pichol-Thievend C, Hardouin J, Malbouyres M, Brechot N, Nasciutti L, Barret A, Teillon J, Guillon E, Etienne E, Caron M, Joubert-Caron R, Monnot C, Ruggiero F, Muller L, Germain S. Lysyl oxidase-like protein-2 regulates sprouting angiogenesis and type IV collagen assembly in the endothelial basement membrane. Blood. 2011 Oct 6;118(14):3979-89. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-10-313296. Epub 2011, Aug 11. PMID:21835952 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-10-313296
  5. ↑ Millanes-Romero A, Herranz N, Perrera V, Iturbide A, Loubat-Casanovas J, Gil J, Jenuwein T, Garcia de Herreros A, Peiro S. Regulation of heterochromatin transcription by Snail1/LOXL2 during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Mol Cell. 2013 Dec 12;52(5):746-57. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.10.015. Epub 2013 , Nov 14. PMID:24239292 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.10.015
  6. ↑ Cuevas EP, Moreno-Bueno G, Canesin G, Santos V, Portillo F, Cano A. LOXL2 catalytically inactive mutants mediate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Biol Open. 2014 Feb 15;3(2):129-37. doi: 10.1242/bio.20146841. PMID:24414204 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.20146841
  7. ↑ Iturbide A, Pascual-Reguant L, Fargas L, Cebria JP, Alsina B, Garcia de Herreros A, Peiro S. LOXL2 Oxidizes Methylated TAF10 and Controls TFIID-Dependent Genes during Neural Progenitor Differentiation. Mol Cell. 2015 Jun 4;58(5):755-66. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.012. Epub 2015, May 7. PMID:25959397 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.012
  8. ↑ Herranz N, Dave N, Millanes-Romero A, Pascual-Reguant L, Morey L, Diaz VM, Lorenz-Fonfria V, Gutierrez-Gallego R, Jeronimo C, Iturbide A, Di Croce L, Garcia de Herreros A, Peiro S. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) oxidizes trimethylated lysine 4 in histone H3. FEBS J. 2016 Dec;283(23):4263-4273. doi: 10.1111/febs.13922. Epub 2016 Oct 30. PMID:27735137 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/febs.13922
  9. ↑ Zhang X, Wang Q, Wu J, Wang J, Shi Y, Liu M. Crystal structure of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 (hLOXL2) in a precursor state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Mar 26. pii: 1720859115. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1720859115. PMID:29581294 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720859115

Contents

</StructureSection>

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