| Structural highlights
Disease
GALA_HUMAN The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.
Function
GALA_HUMAN Endocrine hormone of the central and peripheral nervous systems that binds and activates the G protein-coupled receptors GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3. This small neuropeptide may regulate diverse physiologic functions including contraction of smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract, growth hormone and insulin release and adrenal secretion.[1] [2] [3]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Human galanin is a 30-residue neuropeptide targeted for development of analgesics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. While previous work from our group and others has already produced significant insights into galanin's N-terminal region, no extant structures of galanin in databases include its full-length sequence and the function of its C-terminus remains ambiguous. We report the NMR solution structure of full-length human galanin C-terminal amide, determined from 2D (1)H-(1)H COSY, TOCSY, and ROESY NMR data. Galanin adopts an irregular helical structure across its N-terminus, likely the average of several coiling states. We present the NMR structure of a peptide encompassing the C-terminus of galanin as a stand-alone fragment. The C-terminus of full-length galanin appears to indirectly assist the intramolecular association of hydrophobic sidechains within its N-terminus, remotely rigidifying their position when compared to previously studied N-terminal galanin fragments. By contrast, there is flexibility in the C-terminus of galanin, characterized by two i to i + 2 hydrogen-bonded turns within an otherwise dynamic backbone. The C-terminal portion of the peptide renders it soluble, and plays a hitherto undescribed biophysical role in pre-organizing the galanin receptor binding epitope. We speculate that hydrophilic microdomains of signaling peptides, hormones, and perhaps intrinsically disordered proteins may also function similarly.
The neuropeptide galanin adopts an irregular secondary structure.,Wilkinson RE, Kraichely KN, Hendy CM, Buchanan LE, Parnham S, Giuliano MW Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Oct 20;626:121-128. doi: , 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.032. Epub 2022 Aug 15. PMID:35994823[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ McKnight GL, Karlsen AE, Kowalyk S, Mathewes SL, Sheppard PO, O'Hara PJ, Taborsky GJ Jr. Sequence of human galanin and its inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from RIN cells. Diabetes. 1992 Jan;41(1):82-7. PMID:1370155
- ↑ Schmidt WE, Kratzin H, Eckart K, Drevs D, Mundkowski G, Clemens A, Katsoulis S, Schafer H, Gallwitz B, Creutzfeldt W. Isolation and primary structure of pituitary human galanin, a 30-residue nonamidated neuropeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11435-9. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11435. PMID:1722333 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.24.11435
- ↑ Guipponi M, Chentouf A, Webling KE, Freimann K, Crespel A, Nobile C, Lemke JR, Hansen J, Dorn T, Lesca G, Ryvlin P, Hirsch E, Rudolf G, Rosenberg DS, Weber Y, Becker F, Helbig I, Muhle H, Salzmann A, Chaouch M, Oubaiche ML, Ziglio S, Gehrig C, Santoni F, Pizzato M, Langel U, Antonarakis SE. Galanin pathogenic mutations in temporal lobe epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet. 2015 Jun 1;24(11):3082-91. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddv060. Epub 2015 Feb , 17. PMID:25691535 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddv060
- ↑ Wilkinson RE, Kraichely KN, Hendy CM, Buchanan LE, Parnham S, Giuliano MW. The neuropeptide galanin adopts an irregular secondary structure. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2022 Oct 20;626:121-128. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.032. Epub 2022 Aug 15. PMID:35994823 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.032
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