9l46

Structural highlights

Disease

ATR_HUMAN Familial cutaneous telangiectasia and oropharyngeal predisposition cancer syndrome;Seckel syndrome. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

ATR_HUMAN Serine/threonine protein kinase which activates checkpoint signaling upon genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR), ultraviolet light (UV), or DNA replication stalling, thereby acting as a DNA damage sensor. Recognizes the substrate consensus sequence [ST]-Q. Phosphorylates BRCA1, CHEK1, MCM2, RAD17, RPA2, SMC1 and p53/TP53, which collectively inhibit DNA replication and mitosis and promote DNA repair, recombination and apoptosis. Phosphorylates 'Ser-139' of histone variant H2AX/H2AFX at sites of DNA damage, thereby regulating DNA damage response mechanism. Required for FANCD2 ubiquitination. Critical for maintenance of fragile site stability and efficient regulation of centrosome duplication.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]}

References

1. ↑ Hall-Jackson CA, Cross DA, Morrice N, Smythe C. ATR is a caffeine-sensitive, DNA-activated protein kinase with a substrate specificity distinct from DNA-PK. Oncogene. 1999 Nov 18;18(48):6707-13. PMID:10597277 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203077
2. ↑ Kim ST, Lim DS, Canman CE, Kastan MB. Substrate specificities and identification of putative substrates of ATM kinase family members. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 31;274(53):37538-43. PMID:10608806
3. ↑ Liu Q, Guntuku S, Cui XS, Matsuoka S, Cortez D, Tamai K, Luo G, Carattini-Rivera S, DeMayo F, Bradley A, Donehower LA, Elledge SJ. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by Atr and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev. 2000 Jun 15;14(12):1448-59. PMID:10859164
4. ↑ Tibbetts RS, Cortez D, Brumbaugh KM, Scully R, Livingston D, Elledge SJ, Abraham RT. Functional interactions between BRCA1 and the checkpoint kinase ATR during genotoxic stress. Genes Dev. 2000 Dec 1;14(23):2989-3002. PMID:11114888
5. ↑ Bao S, Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Fang Y, Richardson DA, Ali A, Chen SM, Abraham RT, Wang XF. ATR/ATM-mediated phosphorylation of human Rad17 is required for genotoxic stress responses. Nature. 2001 Jun 21;411(6840):969-74. PMID:11418864 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35082110
6. ↑ Ward IM, Chen J. Histone H2AX is phosphorylated in an ATR-dependent manner in response to replicational stress. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):47759-62. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C100569200. Epub 2001, Oct 22. PMID:11673449 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C100569200
7. ↑ Cortez D, Guntuku S, Qin J, Elledge SJ. ATR and ATRIP: partners in checkpoint signaling. Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1713-6. PMID:11721054 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1065521
8. ↑ Hammond EM, Denko NC, Dorie MJ, Abraham RT, Giaccia AJ. Hypoxia links ATR and p53 through replication arrest. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Mar;22(6):1834-43. PMID:11865061
9. ↑ Casper AM, Nghiem P, Arlt MF, Glover TW. ATR regulates fragile site stability. Cell. 2002 Dec 13;111(6):779-89. PMID:12526805
10. ↑ Zou L, Elledge SJ. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1542-8. PMID:12791985 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1083430
11. ↑ Barr SM, Leung CG, Chang EE, Cimprich KA. ATR kinase activity regulates the intranuclear translocation of ATR and RPA following ionizing radiation. Curr Biol. 2003 Jun 17;13(12):1047-51. PMID:12814551
12. ↑ Wang Y, Qin J. MSH2 and ATR form a signaling module and regulate two branches of the damage response to DNA methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15387-92. Epub 2003 Dec 3. PMID:14657349 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2536810100
13. ↑ Unsal-Kacmaz K, Sancar A. Quaternary structure of ATR and effects of ATRIP and replication protein A on its DNA binding and kinase activities. Mol Cell Biol. 2004 Feb;24(3):1292-300. PMID:14729973
14. ↑ Ward IM, Minn K, Chen J. UV-induced ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) activation requires replication stress. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 12;279(11):9677-80. Epub 2004 Jan 23. PMID:14742437 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C300554200
15. ↑ Cortez D, Glick G, Elledge SJ. Minichromosome maintenance proteins are direct targets of the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jul 6;101(27):10078-83. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.0403410101. Epub 2004 Jun 21. PMID:15210935 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403410101
16. ↑ Andreassen PR, D'Andrea AD, Taniguchi T. ATR couples FANCD2 monoubiquitination to the DNA-damage response. Genes Dev. 2004 Aug 15;18(16):1958-63. PMID:15314022 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1196104
17. ↑ Alderton GK, Joenje H, Varon R, Borglum AD, Jeggo PA, O'Driscoll M. Seckel syndrome exhibits cellular features demonstrating defects in the ATR-signalling pathway. Hum Mol Genet. 2004 Dec 15;13(24):3127-38. Epub 2004 Oct 20. PMID:15496423 doi:http://dx.doi.org/ddh335
18. ↑ Zhang J, Bao S, Furumai R, Kucera KS, Ali A, Dean NM, Wang XF. Protein phosphatase 5 is required for ATR-mediated checkpoint activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2005 Nov;25(22):9910-9. doi: 10.1128/MCB.25.22.9910-9919.2005. PMID:16260606 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.22.9910-9919.2005
19. ↑ Kang Y, Cheong HM, Lee JH, Song PI, Lee KH, Kim SY, Jun JY, You HJ. Protein phosphatase 5 is necessary for ATR-mediated DNA repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jan 7;404(1):476-81. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.005. Epub 2010 Dec 6. PMID:21144835 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.12.005
20. ↑ Haahr P, Hoffmann S, Tollenaere MA, Ho T, Toledo LI, Mann M, Bekker-Jensen S, Raschle M, Mailand N. Activation of the ATR kinase by the RPA-binding protein ETAA1. Nat Cell Biol. 2016 Nov;18(11):1196-1207. doi: 10.1038/ncb3422. Epub 2016 Oct 10. PMID:27723717 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb3422
21. ↑ Bass TE, Luzwick JW, Kavanaugh G, Carroll C, Dungrawala H, Glick GG, Feldkamp MD, Putney R, Chazin WJ, Cortez D. ETAA1 acts at stalled replication forks to maintain genome integrity. Nat Cell Biol. 2016 Nov;18(11):1185-1195. doi: 10.1038/ncb3415. Epub 2016 Oct 10. PMID:27723720 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb3415
22. ↑ Cliby WA, Roberts CJ, Cimprich KA, Stringer CM, Lamb JR, Schreiber SL, Friend SH. Overexpression of a kinase-inactive ATR protein causes sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents and defects in cell cycle checkpoints. EMBO J. 1998 Jan 2;17(1):159-69. PMID:9427750 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.1.159
23. ↑ Wright JA, Keegan KS, Herendeen DR, Bentley NJ, Carr AM, Hoekstra MF, Concannon P. Protein kinase mutants of human ATR increase sensitivity to UV and ionizing radiation and abrogate cell cycle checkpoint control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jun 23;95(13):7445-50. PMID:9636169
24. ↑ Tibbetts RS, Brumbaugh KM, Williams JM, Sarkaria JN, Cliby WA, Shieh SY, Taya Y, Prives C, Abraham RT. A role for ATR in the DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of p53. Genes Dev. 1999 Jan 15;13(2):152-7. PMID:9925639