Function
Calpains (CAP) are calcium-dependent cysteine proteases. CAPs are regulated by Ca+2 concentration, phosphorylation and calpastatin.[1] The CAP family contains 14 members.
- CAP1 (or mu-CAP) and CAP2 (or M-CAP) T are the best characterized CAPs.
- CAP2 limits the extent of neuronal plasticity and learning[2].
- CAP3 is expressed in skeletal muscles and regulates sarcomere remodelling[3].
- CAP7 is atypical CAP that lacks a penta-EF-hand domain.
- CAP8 and CAP9 are involved in the mucosal defense against stress-induced gastropathies.
- CAP9 has been identified as the tumor suppressor for gastric cancer.
- CAP13 is expressed in testis and lungs.
Disease
CAP3 defects lead to a certain muscular dystrophy. Defective CAPs have a role in neurodegeneration.
Structural highlights
CAP is a heterodimer containing a small 28kDa regulatory subunit which is identical for all CAPs and a large 80kDa catalytic subunit. CAP undergoes conformational change upon binding of Ca+2 ions resulting in closing of its active site cleft and activation as a cysteine protease. [4]
- . Water molecules are shown as red spheres.
- .
- .
- .[5]
3D structures of calpain
Calpain 3D structures
