Sandbox Reserved 1417

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This Sandbox is Reserved from January through July 31, 2018 for use in the course HLSC322: Principles of Genetics and Genomics taught by Genevieve Houston-Ludlam at the University of Maryland, College Park, USA. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1311 through Sandbox Reserved 1430.
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Contents

Ubiquitin

DNA Structure

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Ubiquitin is a very important protein utilized in the degradation of other proteins. It is a highly conserved protein that has not changed much during the evolution of life, so it and its related proteins are found in plant cells, yeast cells, and our own cells. This protein was first discovered in humans in 1978.

Function and Mechanism

Ubiquitin functions as a protein that regulates the degradation of other proteins. It consists of 76 amino acids and is found in almost all cells. UBQ functions in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this system, ubiquitin binds to an E1 protein. This E1 protein helps transfer the ubiquitin to an E2 protein. The E2 protein then binds to an E3 protein which binds to the targeted substrate protein. After this, ubiquitin binds onto the substrate via a glysine in the . This process must occur multiple times () before the ubiquitin signals for the to bind to the substrate. The proteasome then binds to the substrate and degrades the protein.

Disease and Relevance

Ubiquitin is relevant because of the several processes that ubiquitin participates in. It has been found that when there are low levels of ubiquitin would cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease. There are also diseases such as cancer which are caused by the malfunction of E3 ubiquitin ligases such as gp78, which causes the metastasis of sarcoma cells.

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References

Definition of Ubiquitin. (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2018, from https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26110

Goodsell, D. (2004, December). Ubiquitin. Retrieved February 25, 2018, from http://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/60

The Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway (UPP). (n.d.). Retrieved February 25, 2018, from http://www.bostonbiochem.com/about/ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway-upp

Varshavsky, A. (2006). The early history of the ubiquitin field. Protein Science : A Publication of the Protein Society, 15(3), 647–654. http://doi.org/10.1110/ps.052012306

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