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Nitrite Reductase

General Information

Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development. Many plants form symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi to fix elemental nitrogen from the atmosphere to a deliverable form for the plants to use. Other plants have enzymes that can reduce nitrates in the soil to ammonium in a two step reduction process involving nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Without a functional nitrite reductase, the plants accumulate excess nitrites in the cells which are toxic to plants.

Overview

Nitrite reductase is an enzyme that belongs to the Oxidoreductase family for catalyzing the six-electron reduction of nitrite into ammonia, using the reduced ferredoxin as the electron donor. It is a monomeric protein with molecular mass near 63 kDa characterized by a unique which contains a single [4Fe–4S] cluster and a single siroheme via a bridging sulfur atom from a cysteine residue. The protein has a globular fold consisting of 3 alpha/beta domains with the siroheme-iron sulfur cofactor at the interface of the three domains. The siroheme is surrounded by several ionizable amino acid residues that facilitate the binding and subsequent reduction of nitrite.

Nitrite reductase is found in several organisms and different forms that reduce nitrite to various products. The enzyme displayed contains a siroheme and iron-sulfur cluster to reduce nitrite to ammonia in certain plants. It is found in the stromal space of chloroplasts. Several other types of iron-based enzymes in bacteria reduce nitrite to nitrous oxide. There are also several types of Copper Nitrite Reductases found in many different plants and bacteria.

Mechanism

The electron flow proceeds initially from reduced ferredoxin to the enzyme's [4Fe–4S] cluster and subsequently from the reduced cluster to the siroheme. Since ferredoxin is a one-electron donor, the enzyme must accumulate six electrons in one-electron steps before it can reduce nitrite. Eight protons are also required in the reduction reaction. Reduced ferredoxin binds to the enzyme near the iron-sulfur cluster which becomes reduced. The cluster then transfers an electron to the siroheme. The reduced siroheme binds nitrite. Five more electrons are transferred to siroheme in this way until nitrite is fully reduced.

NO2- + 6Fd(red) + 8H+ → NH3 + 6Fd(ox) + 2H2O

Structure

Secondary Structures

Nitrite Reductase has only one chain consisting of 591 residues. There are 27 (35% of chain) and 25 (20% of chain). The enzyme is composed of three alpha/beta which are not as well classified as nitrate reductase.

Ligands

is an iron-containing, modified tetrapyrrole similar in structure to both a heme and chlorophyll. It is a heme-like prosthetic group used by nitrite reductase to carry out the six-electron reduction of nitrogen. Nitrite is reduced to ammonia while still bound to siroheme. The siroheme-iron sulfur cofactor is at the interface of the three domains of the enzyme. The siroheme is surrounded by several ionizable amino acid residues that facilitate the binding and subsequent reduction of nitrite.

The is a prosthetic group involved in single electron transfer from reduced ferrodoxin to siroheme.

Ligand Binding to Active Sites

• binds Siroheme
• binds Iron-Sulfur Complex
• binds Potassium ion
• binds Chloride ion
• binds Chloride ion
• binds Nitrite

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic residues

The enzyme contains amino acid residues.

References

1. Crawford NM: Nitrate: Nutrient and Signal for Plant Growth. The Plant Cell 1995, 7:859-868.
2. Schottler MA, Albus CA, Bock R: Photosystem I: Its biogenesis and function in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 2011, 168:1452-1461.
3. Vincentz M, Moureaux T, Leydecker MT, Vaucheret H, Caboche M: Regulation of nitrate and nitrite reductase expression in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia leaves by nitrogen and carbon metabolites. The Plant Journal 1993, 3:315-324.
4. Campbell WH, Kinghorn Jr: Functional domains of assimilatory nitrate reductases and nitrite reductases. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 1990, 15:315-319.
5. Hirasawa M, Knaff DB: Interaction of ferredoxin-linked nitrite reductase with ferredoxin. BBA Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1985, 830:173-180.