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Nicotiana alata Defensin 1 (NaD1)

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Nicotiana alata Defensin 1 (NaD1) is a member of the large defensin protein group, found in many organisms among plant and animal kingdoms [1]. While animal defensins, found in insects and mammals are mainly against bacteria, plant defensins rarely have antibacterial activity. Alternatively, plant defensins are involved in fungi defense, and even in plant development modifications [2]. NaD1 is one defensin found in Nicotiana alata (Solanaceae), more specifically, in its flowering tissues. [3]


Plant defensins

Defensis belong to a major family of cationic host defence peptides (HDP), and are characterized by a small molecular size (~5 kDa), basic nature and cysteine-rich [4]. Althoug defensins may have a broad variety of primary and secondary structures, they all have a conserved tertiary structure: a triple-stranded antiparallel and one , stabilized by , forming a -stabilized α-helix β-sheet motif, in which cysteine are represented as spheres, α-helix in pink color, and .β-sheet in blue color.[5]

The major role of plant defensins are for sure in defence against pathogens, specially phytopathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium culmorum and Botrytis cinerea. However, some works have demonstrated its role in plant tolerance to environmental stress, and development, altering root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana and organs development in Solanum lycopersicum. Additionally, some types of defensins are associated with antibacterial activity and inhibition of protein synthesis, proteases or ion channels. [6] Defensins are widespread through the plant's structure, and they have been already described in leaves, tubers, flowers, and even seeds. Anatomicaly, they are found in several cell types, such as xylem, stomata, parenchyma and peripheral cells. [7]


Nicotiana alata Defensin 1 (NaD1)

Nicotiana alata is one of the most studied species in Solanaceae family, specially regarding the plant's chemical defense. In most solanaceous plants we can find two different classes of defensins proteins: Class I defensins encode a precursor with an signal peptide and a mature defensin domain. Class II defensins encode a precursor with an additional C-terminal propeptide. Althought, some Class II defensins, including NaD1, remove the C-terminal propeptide in the mature biologically active form. [8]

NaD1 is exclusively found in flowers of N. alata, and therefore have been associated with protection of reproductive tissues against potential fungi pathogens. Recently, it has been demonstrated that NaD1 interacts with the fungi cell wall, penetrating the plasma membrane, and finally leading to the fungi death [9]. Although, recent studies also showed NaD1 role as an insecticidal peptide, regarding Lepidoptera cotton pests.

Molecular mechanisms

The antifungical activity of NaD1 seems to be related to its positively charged surface, only when in the dimeric configuration. The dimerization creates a , that mediates interactions with the fungi cell surface, allowing cell permeabilization. Once NaD1 enters the fungi cell, it interacts with intracellular targets and leads to fungi cell death. [10][11]

Structural highlights

NaD1 is a relatively small peptide, with 11.04 kDa. Secondary structure of NaD1 comprises mainly one triple-stranded β-sheet and one single α-helix, typically found in Defensins [12]. These structures form a cysteine-stabilized αβ motif, in which the β-sheets pack into α-helix, and can be seen . Cysteine residues are represented as spheres, α-helix in pink color, and .β-sheet in blue color.The connection occurs through (Cys20-Cys41 and Cys24-Cys43, shown in red ). α-helix is also connected to a extended loop that connects strand β1 of the β-sheet to α-helix`s N-terminal end. This connection occurs through disulfide bridges between . All these disulfide bridges, together with Phe29, Phe10,Pro19 and Ala23, represented , form an extensive that stabilizes the structure. Overall the structure has disulfide bridges, maintaining the αβ motif, and connecting N and C-termini of the molecule (Cys3-Cys47).[13]

strand was identified between residues Cys3 and Glu6, between Asp31 and Cys34,and finally, comprise residues Cys41 to Lys45. The single can be found from residues Lys17 to Ser26. This structure has two special features: one is a abrupt change in the main-chain dihedral angles at Lys17 and Glu27; and the presence of two sequential proline residues () at its N-termina end.[14]


References

  1. ↑ Stotz HU, Thomson JG, Wang Y. Plant defensins: defense, development and application. Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Nov;4(11):1010-2. doi: 10.4161/psb.4.11.9755. Epub 2009 , Nov 7. PMID:20009545 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.11.9755
  2. ↑ Stotz HU, Thomson JG, Wang Y. Plant defensins: defense, development and application. Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Nov;4(11):1010-2. doi: 10.4161/psb.4.11.9755. Epub 2009 , Nov 7. PMID:20009545 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.11.9755
  3. ↑ Lay FT, Mills GD, Poon IK, Cowieson NP, Kirby N, Baxter AA, van der Weerden NL, Dogovski C, Perugini MA, Anderson MA, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Dimerization of Plant Defensin NaD1 Enhances Its Antifungal Activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 8;287(24):19961-72. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID:22511788 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.331009
  4. ↑ Lacerda AF, Vasconcelos EA, Pelegrini PB, Grossi de Sa MF. Antifungal defensins and their role in plant defense. Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 2;5:116. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116. eCollection, 2014. PMID:24765086 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116
  5. ↑ Lacerda AF, Vasconcelos EA, Pelegrini PB, Grossi de Sa MF. Antifungal defensins and their role in plant defense. Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 2;5:116. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116. eCollection, 2014. PMID:24765086 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116
  6. ↑ Lay FT, Mills GD, Poon IK, Cowieson NP, Kirby N, Baxter AA, van der Weerden NL, Dogovski C, Perugini MA, Anderson MA, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Dimerization of Plant Defensin NaD1 Enhances Its Antifungal Activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 8;287(24):19961-72. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID:22511788 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.331009
  7. ↑ Lacerda AF, Vasconcelos EA, Pelegrini PB, Grossi de Sa MF. Antifungal defensins and their role in plant defense. Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 2;5:116. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116. eCollection, 2014. PMID:24765086 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116
  8. ↑ Lacerda AF, Vasconcelos EA, Pelegrini PB, Grossi de Sa MF. Antifungal defensins and their role in plant defense. Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 2;5:116. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116. eCollection, 2014. PMID:24765086 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116
  9. ↑ Lay FT, Mills GD, Poon IK, Cowieson NP, Kirby N, Baxter AA, van der Weerden NL, Dogovski C, Perugini MA, Anderson MA, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Dimerization of Plant Defensin NaD1 Enhances Its Antifungal Activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 8;287(24):19961-72. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID:22511788 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.331009
  10. ↑ Lacerda AF, Vasconcelos EA, Pelegrini PB, Grossi de Sa MF. Antifungal defensins and their role in plant defense. Front Microbiol. 2014 Apr 2;5:116. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116. eCollection, 2014. PMID:24765086 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00116
  11. ↑ Lay FT, Mills GD, Poon IK, Cowieson NP, Kirby N, Baxter AA, van der Weerden NL, Dogovski C, Perugini MA, Anderson MA, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Dimerization of Plant Defensin NaD1 Enhances Its Antifungal Activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 8;287(24):19961-72. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID:22511788 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.331009
  12. ↑ Lay FT, Mills GD, Poon IK, Cowieson NP, Kirby N, Baxter AA, van der Weerden NL, Dogovski C, Perugini MA, Anderson MA, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Dimerization of Plant Defensin NaD1 Enhances Its Antifungal Activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 8;287(24):19961-72. Epub 2012 Apr 17. PMID:22511788 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.331009
  13. ↑ Lay FT, Schirra HJ, Scanlon MJ, Anderson MA, Craik DJ. The three-dimensional solution structure of NaD1, a new floral defensin from Nicotiana alata and its application to a homology model of the crop defense protein alfAFP. J Mol Biol. 2003 Jan 3;325(1):175-88. PMID:12473460
  14. ↑ Lay FT, Schirra HJ, Scanlon MJ, Anderson MA, Craik DJ. The three-dimensional solution structure of NaD1, a new floral defensin from Nicotiana alata and its application to a homology model of the crop defense protein alfAFP. J Mol Biol. 2003 Jan 3;325(1):175-88. PMID:12473460

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