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Flagellar protein

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Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
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<StructureSection load='1io1' size='340' side='right' caption='Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (PDB code [[1io1]])' scene=''>
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__TOC__
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For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
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==Function==
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Virulence? cf. <ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>(can't get this journal thru umass:<ref name="flagrev1">PMID: 19081534</ref>).
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==Structure==
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{| align='right' width='350px' border='0'
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| rowspan='2' | &nbsp;
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| [[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|350px]]
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|-
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| The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint ("hook"), and a motor ("basal body").
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|}
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[[Image:Flagellum1 800px.jpg|left|thumb|The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint (hook), and a motor (basal body).|200px]]<br />
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Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotaxis chemotaxis]''. Rapid swimming helps [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio] penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence<ref name="virulence1">PMID: 2152887</ref>. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing<ref name="quorum1">PMID: 15449604</ref> and biofilm formation<ref name="biofilms1">PMID: 19231189</ref><ref name="biofilms2">PMID: 17416647</ref>. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility<ref name="otherfunctions">PMID: 17920274</ref>.
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For further information, please see [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia].
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<!--
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can't get this journal thru umass:<ref name="flagrev1">PMID: 19081534</ref>
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-->
The bacterial flagellum is made up of about 25 different proteins. There are only a few copies of some proteins, and tens of thousands of copies of the filament protein, FliC. The flagellum is made up of three major regions, as follows.
The bacterial flagellum is made up of about 25 different proteins. There are only a few copies of some proteins, and tens of thousands of copies of the filament protein, FliC. The flagellum is made up of three major regions, as follows.
===Motor===
===Motor===
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At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible '''motor''', also called the '''basal body'''. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood.
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At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible '''motor''', also called the '''basal body'''. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na<sup>+</sup>). The gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood. <br />
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===Filament (Propeller) ===
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For more details see [[Flagellar biosynthetic protein]]
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The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell.
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===Filament (Propeller)===
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The [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|flagellar filament]] is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including ''Salmonella'', have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. [[Flagellar filament of bacteria|More...]]<br />
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For more details see [[Flagellar proteins]] and [[Flagellar filament of bacteria]].
===Hook (Universal Joint)===
===Hook (Universal Joint)===
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The filament is attached to the motor with the [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|flagellar hook]], which is a molecular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_joint universal joint]. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque torque] from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate.
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The filament is attached to the motor with the [[Flagellar hook of bacteria|flagellar hook]], which is a molecular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_joint universal joint]. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque torque] from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate. <br />
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{{Clear}}
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For details see<br />
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* [[Flagellar hook of bacteria]]<br />
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* [[Samatey/5]]
==Assembly==
==Assembly==
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<table border="0" align="right" width="320" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tr><td rowspan="2">&nbsp; &nbsp;</td><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">
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<html5media height="200" width="355">http://www.youtube.com/embed/N5Dv_u81Rw4</html5media>
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</td></tr><tr><td style="color:white; background-color:#002a35;">Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Protonic Nanomachine Project</span>], used with
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permission of [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html <span style="color:#80c0ff;">Keiichi Namba, Osaka University</span>].</td></tr></table>
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<!--{| align="right"
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|-
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|
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<imagemap>
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Image:Flagellum assembly frame from movie.png|frame|Click image for Movie.
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default [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/movie5.html]
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</imagemap>
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|}-->
During assembly of the flagellum, its protein components are transported through hollow cores of the basal body, hook and filament, assembling at the end of the nascent flagellum<ref name="assembly1">PMID: 18931786</ref>. The [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html Namba Group] has prepared a [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/movie5.html movie illustrating their understanding of the assembly process as of about 2004].
During assembly of the flagellum, its protein components are transported through hollow cores of the basal body, hook and filament, assembling at the end of the nascent flagellum<ref name="assembly1">PMID: 18931786</ref>. The [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html Namba Group] has prepared a [http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/movie5.html movie illustrating their understanding of the assembly process as of about 2004].
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{{Clear}}
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==3D structures of flagellar protein==
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[[Flagellar protein 3D structures]]
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</StructureSection>
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====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
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These are automatically-generated lists of [[PDB codes]].
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*[[Special:Prefixindex/Category:Flagell]] includes categories beginning with ''Flagellar, Flagellin, Flagella, Flagellum''.
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*[[Special:Prefixindex/Category:Bacterial flagell]]
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==Flagellar Protein Structures==
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*[[:Category:Chlamydomonas flagella]]
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*[[:Category:The bacterial flagellar motor]]
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*[[:Category:Putative flagellar motor switch protein flin]]
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*[[1io1]]: Flagellin major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FliC41).
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and there are undoubtedly other flagellum-related Categories ...
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*[[1wlg]]: Hook monomer major fragment of ''Salmonella typhimurium'' (FlgE31).
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*[[2zbi]]: Cell surface "flagellin" functioning as an alginate receptor, not forming filaments.
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==See Also==
==See Also==
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<b>External Links</b>
<b>External Links</b>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum Flagellum at Wikipedia]
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*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/eng/labo/09a.html Protonic Nanomachine Group, Osaka University]
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*[http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html MOVIES from the Protonic Nanomachine Project, Osaka University]
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</StructureSection>
==References and Notes==
==References and Notes==
<references />
<references />
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[[Category:Topic Page]]

Current revision

PDB ID 1io1

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

Lists of Flagellar Structures

These are automatically-generated lists of PDB codes.


and there are undoubtedly other flagellum-related Categories ...

See Also

Within Proteopedia:

External Links

</StructureSection>

References and Notes

  1. ↑ Lockman HA, Curtiss R 3rd. Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking flagella or motility remain virulent in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun. 1990 Jan;58(1):137-43. PMID:2152887
  2. ↑ Daniels R, Vanderleyden J, Michiels J. Quorum sensing and swarming migration in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jun;28(3):261-89. PMID:15449604
  3. ↑ Yildiz FH, Visick KL. Vibrio biofilms: so much the same yet so different. Trends Microbiol. 2009 Mar;17(3):109-18. Epub 2009 Feb 21. PMID:19231189 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.12.004
  4. ↑ Lemon KP, Higgins DE, Kolter R. Flagellar motility is critical for Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 2007 Jun;189(12):4418-24. Epub 2007 Apr 6. PMID:17416647 doi:10.1128/JB.01967-06
  5. ↑ Guerry P. Campylobacter flagella: not just for motility. Trends Microbiol. 2007 Oct;15(10):456-61. Epub 2007 Oct 24. PMID:17920274 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.09.006
  6. ↑ Minamino T, Imada K, Namba K. Mechanisms of type III protein export for bacterial flagellar assembly. Mol Biosyst. 2008 Nov;4(11):1105-15. Epub 2008 Sep 24. PMID:18931786 doi:10.1039/b808065h

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