Signal transduction

Under development!

• Ligand
• Types of ligands
• Hormones and their receptors
• Hormone
• Growth factors
• Neurotransmitters
• Receptor
• Ion channels
• Chemical communication in arthropods
• Proton Channels
• Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (Nos1) is functioning in cell signaling and communication - a vital part of the nervous tissue.
• Chloride Ion Channel
• Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 2
• Ivermectin bound to Glu gated chloride channel
• Membrane Channels & Pumps
• Ryanodine receptor

Lipid signaling:

Ceramide

• Sphingomyelinase (SMase) or sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase is a hydrolase involved in sphingolipid metabolism. It catalyzes the breakdown of sphingomyelin (SM) to phosphocholine and ceramide^[1].

• Acid-beta-glucosidase or glucosylceramidase is a lysozomal enzyme (EC number 3.2.1.45), which cleaves glucosylceramide to glucose and ceramide. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the sphingolipid, , to at the acidic pH prevailing within the lysosome. .
• The molecular function of galactosylceramidase is hydrolysis of a O-glycosyl bond to remove galactose from ceramide and other sphingolipids.

Sphingosine-1-Phosphate

• Lysophosphatidic acid receptor#Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor

Glucosylceramide

• Acid-beta-glucosidase

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Inward rectifier KCh.

• Lysophosphatidic acid receptor
• GPR40

Signaling Pathways:

ABA Signaling Pathway

• ABA Signaling Pathway
• PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors
• Protein Phosphatase 2C
• ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase

Protein Kinases:

• Calcium-dependent protein kinase
• Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
• Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Catalytic Domain
• Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase

Tyrosine kinase

• Receptor tyrosine kinases
• Tyrosine kinase
• Janus kinase or tyrosine-protein kinase JAK (JAK) are nonreceptor tyrosine kinases which transduces cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. The JAK-STAT pathway transmits signals through the cell membrane to DNA promoters thus causing transcription.

Protein kinase C

• Protein kinase C
• The sensitization of TRPV1 is thought to be connected to phosphorylation by protein kinase C and the cleavage of PIP2.

MAPK

• Mitogen-activated protein kinase
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
• Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2
• p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

• CAMP-dependent protein kinase
• CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit
• Protein Kinase A

Chemotaxis:

• Chemotaxis protein, Histidine Kinase (HK) CheA relays signals from the transmembrane chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins/MCPs) to regulate bacterial chemotaxis.
• Molecular Playground/Cytoplasmic domain of chemoreceptor of Thermotoga maritima
• Molecular Playground/Bacterial Chemotaxis Receptors
• Molecular Playground/cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor
• Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein

Mechanotransduction:

• Fibronectin, Laminin, and Collagen can bind to receptors (integrins).
• CD44 is a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions. CD44 is a receptor of hyaluronic acid (HA).
• Mechanosensitive channels are involved in touch, hearing, and in maintaining osmotic balance.

Thermoception

• Heat Shock Proteins

Transient receptor potential channels

• Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1 (TRPV1)

Voltage-gated channels

• Voltage-gated calcium channels
• Voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.1 complex
• Potassium Channel
• Potassium channel toxin

Visual phototransduction

Light is detected by rhodopsin in rod and cone cells.

• Rhodopsin#Visual Signal Transduction
• Rhodopsin Structure and Function

Photoreceptor pigments

• Retinal (in rhodopsin). Rhodopsin#Retinal Chromophore of Rhodopsin and Rhodopsin#Photoisomerization of 11-cis Retinal.
• Flavin (in cryptochrome). Cryptochrome 4 and JMS/cryptochrome.

Circadian clock

• Circadian clock protein
• Circadian Clock Protein KaiC
• Period circadian protein

Protein phosphatases:

• Protein Phosphatase 2C
• ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C

Second messengers

cAMP

• Adenylyl cyclase (ADCY, EC number 4.6.1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
• Catabolite gene activator protein

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

• CAMP-dependent protein kinase
• CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit
• Protein Kinase A

IP3

• Phospholipase C and PLC beta 3 Gq

Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the Gαq subunit, including:

• 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B).
• α1 adrenergic receptors
• Calcitonin receptors
• Histamine H1 receptor. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
• Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5.
• M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C.
• Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor

Paracrine signaling: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily

Fibroblast growth factor and Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). FGFR belongs to Receptor tyrosine kinases, class V.

Sonic Hedgehog

• Sonic Hedgehog
• Protein patched homolog 1 (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures.

Ca2+ signalling processes

• Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor
• Calcium-dependent protein kinase
• Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
• Protein kinase C

H+/K+-ATPase signal pathway (acetylcholine, histamine, and gastrin) activates the pump in order to move the vesicles toward the lumen.

• Esomeprazole and H+/K+ - ATPase Interaction

Proton pump

Signal transducing adaptor proteins (STAPs)

• GRB, Growth factor receptor-bound protein and Grb10 SH2 Domain.
• MyD88, TIR domain-containing adapter protein.

GTPase

• GTPase HRas.

The Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.

• Mitogen-activated protein kinase
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
• Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2
• p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)

Inflammatory response

• Aspirin Effects on Cyclooxygenase
• Cyclooxygenase
• Interleukin-10
• YKL-40
• Toll-like Receptors
• Phospholipase A2
• C-X-C motif chemokine
• Cytokine receptors

Allostery

• Hemoglobin
• Thrombin
• Molecular Playground/Caspase-7 Dynamics
• RNase A Oligomers

ATPase

• ATPase