Sandbox Reserved 688
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| + | == Nicotine's Interaction with Nicotinic Recptors == | ||
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| + | <Structure load='1ol8' size='500' frame='true' align='right' caption='Nicotine Bound to Chick Alpha 7 Nicotinic Receptor (A chain shown)' scene='Insert optional scene name here' /> | ||
| + | <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Nicotine_molecule/3'>Nicotine (nitrogen shown in blue)</scene> is a small molecule that is found in tobacco leaves. Nicotine can have many different effects on the body depending on frequency, length of time in the blood system, and prolonged usage. Some of the desirable effects nicotine can bring about are muscle relaxation and a feeling of well-being. Nicotine must binds to one of the many chains of specific receptors known as Nicotinic AChRs. These receptors are found in junction points between cells that allow the release of ions in order to bring about a release of neurotransmitters and muscle relaxation. | ||
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| + | <br>The nicotinic receptors contain two portions, a <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Transmembrane_protein_section/1'>transmembrane segment</scene> to keep it anchored to the membrane and a <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Receptor_5_domain_no_lig/1'>5 domain extracellular portion</scene> to bind ligands. Nicotine must bind to one of the <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/A_chain_a_receptor/1'>chains (A chain shown)</scene> of the extracellular portion of the receptor in order to bring about a conformational change and elicit a response inside the cell. Nicotine binds with specific <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Receptor_active_site/1'>active site residues (magenta- note that nicotine is bound in one active site and absent from the other)</scene> in order to elicit a response to release the ions. The body normally binds <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Nicotinic_receptor_ach/2'>acetylcholine (magenta)</scene> to nicotinic AChRs in the absence of nicotine. | ||
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| + | == Nicotine Metabolites == | ||
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| + | However, when nicotine is present, it is metabolized by enzymes, one of which being <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Cytochrome_p450cam/1'>Cytochrome p450cam (Nicotine bound to heme in active site)</scene>, which has a similiar <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Cytochrome_p450cam_active/1'>active site</scene> to AChRs, which is found in the lungs and throughout the body. This breaks nicotine into four metabolites. Two of which are extremely dangerous for consumers as they act as tumor promoters or tumor enhancers. | ||
| + | When nicotine is broken down in the body, it becomes four main metabolites that interact with various bodily systems. These metabolites include Cotinine, NNN, NNK, and NNAL. The two most important molecules because of their abundance and harmful effects are cotinine and <scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Nnk_molecules/1'>NNK molecules (shown interacting with heme groups)</scene>. Cotinine is the most abundant nicotine metabolite, accounting for 75% of the nicotine metabolites. Cotinine is a tumor promoter that can suppress chemo and radio therapies in cancer patients. This increases tumor activity by stimulating proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stimulation of autocrine loops associated with tumor growth. NNK is not only a tumor promoter but also a tumor initiator. It causes tumors by the same way Cotinine enhances them. | ||
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| + | == Nicotine Effects on Pathways in the Body == | ||
| + | When nicotine binds to AChRs receptors it has downstream effects by activation of Src, Ras-Raf-<scene name='Sandbox_Reserved_688/Mapk/4'>MAPK</scene>-MEK-ERK pathways within the body. With constant activation of pathways that should only be active when needed by normal bodily functions can lead to many diseases and effects on cells such as: proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stimulation of autocrine loops which has been associated with tumor growth. | ||
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| + | [[Image:Nicotine_Metabolites.jpg]] | ||
Current revision
| This Sandbox is Reserved from 30/01/2013, through 30/12/2013 for use in the course "Biochemistry II" taught by Hannah Tims at the Messiah College. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 686 through Sandbox Reserved 700. |
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Nicotine's Interaction with Nicotinic Recptors
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is a small molecule that is found in tobacco leaves. Nicotine can have many different effects on the body depending on frequency, length of time in the blood system, and prolonged usage. Some of the desirable effects nicotine can bring about are muscle relaxation and a feeling of well-being. Nicotine must binds to one of the many chains of specific receptors known as Nicotinic AChRs. These receptors are found in junction points between cells that allow the release of ions in order to bring about a release of neurotransmitters and muscle relaxation.
The nicotinic receptors contain two portions, a to keep it anchored to the membrane and a to bind ligands. Nicotine must bind to one of the of the extracellular portion of the receptor in order to bring about a conformational change and elicit a response inside the cell. Nicotine binds with specific in order to elicit a response to release the ions. The body normally binds to nicotinic AChRs in the absence of nicotine.
Nicotine Metabolites
However, when nicotine is present, it is metabolized by enzymes, one of which being , which has a similiar to AChRs, which is found in the lungs and throughout the body. This breaks nicotine into four metabolites. Two of which are extremely dangerous for consumers as they act as tumor promoters or tumor enhancers. When nicotine is broken down in the body, it becomes four main metabolites that interact with various bodily systems. These metabolites include Cotinine, NNN, NNK, and NNAL. The two most important molecules because of their abundance and harmful effects are cotinine and . Cotinine is the most abundant nicotine metabolite, accounting for 75% of the nicotine metabolites. Cotinine is a tumor promoter that can suppress chemo and radio therapies in cancer patients. This increases tumor activity by stimulating proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stimulation of autocrine loops associated with tumor growth. NNK is not only a tumor promoter but also a tumor initiator. It causes tumors by the same way Cotinine enhances them.
Nicotine Effects on Pathways in the Body
When nicotine binds to AChRs receptors it has downstream effects by activation of Src, Ras-Raf--MEK-ERK pathways within the body. With constant activation of pathways that should only be active when needed by normal bodily functions can lead to many diseases and effects on cells such as: proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and stimulation of autocrine loops which has been associated with tumor growth.
