N-Butylisocyanide Oxidation at the [NiFe4S4OHx]-cluster of CO Dehydrogenase
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Molecular Tour
Ni, Fe-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs) play an important role in anaerobic bacteria and archea by allowing them to grow with CO or CO2 as their sole carbon and/or energy source. The structures of CODHs are homodimers with ~ 130 kDa containing five metal clusters, called B, B’, C, C’ and D. Each subunit contains the active site C-cluster and cubane-type [Fe4S4] B-cluster. Another [Fe4S4] D-cluster connects two subunits forming a covalent homodimer. The CODHs catalyze the reversible oxidation of CO to CO2 at the active site C-cluster, which is composed of [NiFe4S4OHx] (CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + 2e– + 2H+). In addition to the reversible oxidation of CO, CODHs are able to catalyze further reactions, such as the oxidation of H2 and the reductions of protons, 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT), and hydroxylamine, as well as the oxidation of n- butylisocyanide (n-BIC). N-BIC is a slow-turnover substrate of CODHs, whose oxidation occurs at the C-cluster.
The high resolution crystal structure of CODH-II from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans (dmin = 1.28 ֵ) revealed novel type of the Ni-carbon bond at the C-cluster upon binding of n-butyliocyanate (the product of n-BIC oxidation), in which the Ni complex with the n-butylisocyanate ligand shows a distorted tetrahedral geometry rather than the square planar geometry observed in the CO2-bound (3B52) and CN-bound states (3I39). The hydroxyl group of n-butylisocyanate bound to the Ni atom is in a proper distance and orientation to form hydrogen bonds with His93 and the H2O/OH− ligand on Fe1A, while apolar amino acid side chains, Ile567 and Ala564, accommodate the long chain alkyl group of n-butylisocyanate. A superposition of the CODH-II structures with different ligands bound to the C-cluster reveals a flexible coordination and geometry for the Ni-Fe1 dyad, while the [Fe3S4] moiety of C-cluster remains unchanged in position.
The n-BIC molecule is located in a distance of approximately 8 ֵ from the n-butylisocyanate bound in the active site, measured between nearest atoms and is placed within a hydrophobic channel, which was shown to be a binding place for Xe atoms in CODH/ACS (2Z8Y). Analysis of the CODH-II structure identified the presence of two different channels, in which one is analogous to the channel identified by Xe-soaking in bifunctional CODH/ACS (conserved channel), while the other seems to be specific for monofunctional CODH (unique channel). The conserved channel in CODH-II is similar in position to that in bifunctional CODH, where the channel is extended to reach the A-cluster of ACS. Monofunctional CODHs have smaller side chains like Thr and Val, while Tyr617 and Phe634 block a passage of the unique channel to the protein surface in bifunctional CODH/ACS. Furthermore, the unique channel is completely blocked by residue His9 – Pro13 to prevent diffusion of gaseous substrate/product from the protein in bifunctional CODH/ACS. However, the channel of monofunctional CODH-II is directed towards the solvent, which is in line with its role to allow fast progress and egress of substrates and products from the active site to the outside of the enzyme, which has not been described previously.
