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Immunodeficiency virus protease

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Revision as of 06:10, 17 July 2017

1 Function
2 Structure of HIV-1 Protease
3 Medical Implications
4 Structural Insights into the South African HIV-1 Subtype C Protease: Impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance ^[6]

Human Immunodeficiency Virus exists in two types HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 infects ca. 30% of AIDS patients vs. 70% infected by HIV-1^[1].
'FIV'Bold text is Feline Immunodeficiency virus protease.
'SIV'Bold text is Simian Immunodeficiency virus protease.

Function

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV directs the synthesis of several polyproteins, which each consist of several tandemly linked proteins. The maturation of the virus to its infectious form requires that these polyproteins be cleaved to their component proteins. , a homodimeric enzyme, is responsible for doing so and is therefore crucial to the virus's infectious capacity.

Structure of HIV-1 Protease

The X-ray structure of HIV-1 protease^[2]^[3] reveals that it is composed of , each consisting of 99 amino acid residues. The subunits come together in such as way as to . This tunnel is of critical importance because the active site of the protease is located in its interior. The active site consists of , making it a member of the aspartyl protease family. The two Asp's are either interact with the incoming water OR protonate the carbonyl to make the carbon more electrophilic for the incoming . You may be wondering how a polyprotein makes its way into the active-site tunnel, as the to admit it. The key is the two flexible flaps on the top of the tunnel that to enter the tunnel. The flaps , shifting from an open to a closed conformation to bind the target in an appropriate conformation for cleavage.

Medical Implications

There currently is no cure or vaccine against HIV. Researchers, however, have discovered treatments that can halt and even reverse the progression of AIDS, due in large part to our understanding of the structure of HIV-1 protease. (Invirase) was the first protease inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of HIV. It inhibits HIV protease by , preventing the binding of polyproteins. Its chemical structure mimics the tetrahedral intermediate of the hydrolytic reaction, thereby .^[4] Saquinavir is essentially an uncleavable ligand, as indicated by the on binding saquinavir or a polypeptide . Resistance to saquinavir is due to alterations in the HIV protease sequence, including the mutation of ^[5]. Drugs used to treat HIV infection that inhibit include (Crixivan), (Norvir), Saquinavir, Tipranavir, Amprenavir (Agenerase), Atazanavir (Rayataz), Darunavir (Prezista), Fosamprenavir (Lexiva or Telzir), Lopinavir (Kaletra), Nelfinavir (Viracept) and (Viracept).

Structural Insights into the South African HIV-1 Subtype C Protease: Impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance ^[6]

The current study reports on the apo crystal structure of the . Structure of with the active site triplet (D25, T26 and G27) shown in ball-and-stick representation, hinge region in magenta (residues 35–42 and 57–61), and flap region (residues 46–54) in cyan. The relevance of this study cannot be underestimated because South Africa is at the epicenter of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A detailed understanding of the molecular interactions between the drug and its target is required if we are to improve the design of protease inhibitors (PIs). Our study indicated that the loss of a salt bridge between at the hinge region affects the flap dynamics of the apo C-SA PR which may reduce the affinity and, therefore, the efficacy of the current protease inhibitors toward the C-SA PR (subtype C-SA PR is in deeppink, 3u71 and subtype B PR is in yellow, 2pc0). of of the C-SA PR (deep pink, PDB ID: 3u71), consensus subtype B PR (yellow, PDB ID: 2pc0), and subtype B-MDR PR (color wheat, PDB ID: 1rp1) reveals that the PRs under investigation do not differ significantly. The crystal structure of the C-SA PR will serve as a foundation to improve the rational design of PIs which will have a greater impact on anti-retroviral chemotherapy in sub-Saharan Africa.

See
HIV Protease Inhibitor Pharmacokinetics
HIV Protease Inhibitor Resistance Profile
HIV Protease Resistance
Viability of a drug-resistant HIV-1 protease mutant
HIV and accessory proteins
Treatments:HIV Protease Inhibitor Pharmacokinetics References
Group:SMART:HIV-1 Subtype C Protease
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Virus protease

3D structures of immunodeficiency protease

Updated on 17-July-2017

Additional Resources

For additional information, see:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Structural Biology of HIV, an interactive Flash graphic of the virion with explanations of its components.

References

↑ Tie Y, Wang YF, Boross PI, Chiu TY, Ghosh AK, Tozser J, Louis JM, Harrison RW, Weber IT. Critical differences in HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease specificity for clinical inhibitors. Protein Sci. 2012 Mar;21(3):339-50. doi: 10.1002/pro.2019. Epub 2012 Jan 24. PMID:22238126 doi:10.1002/pro.2019
↑ Wlodawer A, Miller M, Jaskolski M, Sathyanarayana BK, Baldwin E, Weber IT, Selk LM, Clawson L, Schneider J, Kent SB. Conserved folding in retroviral proteases: crystal structure of a synthetic HIV-1 protease. Science. 1989 Aug 11;245(4918):616-21. PMID:2548279
↑ Lapatto R, Blundell T, Hemmings A, Overington J, Wilderspin A, Wood S, Merson JR, Whittle PJ, Danley DE, Geoghegan KF, et al.. X-ray analysis of HIV-1 proteinase at 2.7 A resolution confirms structural homology among retroviral enzymes. Nature. 1989 Nov 16;342(6247):299-302. PMID:2682266 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342299a0
↑ Tie Y, Kovalevsky AY, Boross P, Wang YF, Ghosh AK, Tozser J, Harrison RW, Weber IT. Atomic resolution crystal structures of HIV-1 protease and mutants V82A and I84V with saquinavir. Proteins. 2007 Apr 1;67(1):232-42. PMID:17243183 doi:10.1002/prot.21304
↑ Maschera B, Darby G, Palu G, Wright LL, Tisdale M, Myers R, Blair ED, Furfine ES. Human immunodeficiency virus. Mutations in the viral protease that confer resistance to saquinavir increase the dissociation rate constant of the protease-saquinavir complex. J Biol Chem. 1996 Dec 27;271(52):33231-5. PMID:8969180
↑ Naicker P, Achilonu I, Fanucchi S, Fernandes M, Ibrahim MA, Dirr HW, Soliman ME, Sayed Y. Structural insights into the South African HIV-1 subtype C protease: impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2012 Nov 12. PMID:23140382 doi:10.1080/07391102.2012.736774

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Joel L. Sussman, Michal Harel, Eran Hodis, Mark Hoelzer, David Canner, Eric Martz, Ann Taylor, Wayne Decatur, Alexander Berchansky, Jaime Prilusky, Karsten Theis

Retrieved from "http://52.214.119.220/wiki/index.php/Immunodeficiency_virus_protease"

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 <StructureSection load='2nmz' size='350' side='right' background='none' scene='User:David_Canner/Sandbox_HIV/Opening/2' caption='Structure of HIV Protease (PDB code [[2nmz]])'>
 __TOC__
+Human Immunodeficiency Virus exists in two types '''HIV-1''' and '''HIV-2'''.  HIV-2 infects ca. 30% of AIDS patients vs. 70% infected by HIV-1<ref>PMID:22238126</ref>.<br />
+'''FIV''''''Bold text''' is Feline Immunodeficiency virus protease.<br />
+'''SIV''''''Bold text''' is Simian Immunodeficiency virus protease.<br />
 ==Function==
 [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus]] (HIV) is the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV directs the synthesis of several polyproteins, which each consist of several tandemly linked proteins. The maturation of the virus to its infectious form requires that  these polyproteins be cleaved to their component proteins. <scene name='User:David_Canner/Sandbox_HIV/Opening/2'>HIV-1 protease</scene>, a homodimeric enzyme, is responsible for doing so and is therefore crucial to the virus's infectious capacity.<br />

Immunodeficiency virus protease

From Proteopedia

Revision as of 06:10, 17 July 2017

Contents

Function

Structure of HIV-1 Protease

Medical Implications

Structural Insights into the South African HIV-1 Subtype C Protease: Impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance ^[6]

3D structures of immunodeficiency protease

Additional Resources

References

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

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Immunodeficiency virus protease

From Proteopedia

Revision as of 06:10, 17 July 2017

Contents

Function

Structure of HIV-1 Protease

Medical Implications

Structural Insights into the South African HIV-1 Subtype C Protease: Impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance [6]

3D structures of immunodeficiency protease

Additional Resources

References

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Toolbox

Structural Insights into the South African HIV-1 Subtype C Protease: Impact of hinge region dynamics and flap flexibility in drug resistance ^[6]