| Structural highlights
Function
[POLG_POL1M] Capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4 form a closed capsid enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome. VP4 lies on the inner surface of the protein shell formed by VP1, VP2 and VP3. All the three latter proteins contain a beta-sheet structure called beta-barrel jelly roll. Together they form an icosahedral capsid (T=3) composed of 60 copies of each VP1, VP2, and VP3, with a diameter of approximately 300 Angstroms. VP1 is situated at the 12 fivefold axes, whereas VP2 and VP3 are located at the quasi-sixfold axes. The interaction of five VP1 proteins in the fivefold axes results in a prominent protusion extending to about 25 Angstroms from the capsid shell. The resulting structure appears as a steep plateau encircled by a valley or cleft. This depression also termed canyon is the receptor binding site. The capsid interacts with human PVR at this site to provide virion attachment to target cell. This attachment induces virion internalization predominantly through clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis in Hela cells and through caveolin-mediated endocytosis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. VP4 and VP1 subsequently undergo conformational changes leading to the formation of a pore in the endosomal membrane, thereby delivering the viral genome into the cytoplasm.[1] [2] [3] VP0 precursor is a component of immature procapsids (By similarity).[4] [5] [6] Protein 2A is a cysteine protease that is responsible for the cleavage between the P1 and P2 regions. It cleaves the host translation initiation factor EIF4G1, in order to shut down the capped cellular mRNA transcription.[7] [8] [9] Protein 2B affects membrane integrity and cause an increase in membrane permeability (By similarity).[10] [11] [12] Protein 2C associates with and induces structural rearrangements of intracellular membranes. It displays RNA-binding, nucleotide binding and NTPase activities.[13] [14] [15] Protein 3A, via its hydrophobic domain, serves as membrane anchor. It also inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport (By similarity).[16] [17] [18] Protein 3C is a cysteine protease that generates mature viral proteins from the precursor polyprotein. In addition to its proteolytic activity, it binds to viral RNA, and thus influences viral genome replication. RNA and substrate bind co-operatively to the protease (By similarity).[19] [20] [21] RNA-directed RNA polymerase 3D-POL replicates genomic and antigenomic RNA by recognizing replications specific signals (By similarity).[22] [23] [24] [PVR_HUMAN] Mediates NK cell adhesion and triggers NK cell effector functions. Binds two different NK cell receptors: CD96 and CD226. These interactions accumulates at the cell-cell contact site, leading to the formation of a mature immunological synapse between NK cell and target cell. This may trigger adhesion and secretion of lytic granules and IFN-gamma and activate cytoxicity of activated NK cells. May also promote NK cell-target cell modular exchange, and PVR transfer to the NK cell. This transfer is more important in some tumor cells expressing a lot of PVR, and may trigger fratricide NK cell activation, providing tumors with a mechanism of immunoevasion. Plays a role in mediating tumor cell invasion and migration. Serves as a receptor for poliovirus attachment to target cells. May play a role in axonal transport of poliovirus, by targeting virion-PVR-containing endocytic vesicles to the microtubular network through interaction with DYNLT1. This interaction would drive the virus-containing vesicle to the axonal retrograde transport.[25] [26]
Evolutionary Conservation
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Publication Abstract from PubMed
Structures of all three poliovirus (PV) serotypes (PV1, PV2, and PV3) complexed with their cellular receptor, PV receptor (PVR or CD155), were determined by cryoelectron microscopy. Both glycosylated and fully deglycosylated CD155 exhibited similar binding sites and orientations in the viral canyon for all three PV serotypes, showing that all three serotypes use a common mechanism for cell entry. Difference maps between the glycosylated and deglycosylated CD155 complexes determined the sites of the carbohydrate moieties that, in turn, helped to verify the position of the receptor relative to the viral surface. The proximity of the CD155 carbohydrate site at Asn105 to the viral surface in the receptor-virus complex suggests that it might interfere with receptor docking, an observation consistent with the properties of mutant CD155. The footprints of CD155 on PV surfaces indicate that the south rim of the canyon dominates the virus-receptor interactions and may correspond to the initial CD155 binding state of the receptor-mediated viral uncoating. In contrast, the interaction of CD155 with the north rim of the canyon, especially the region immediately outside the viral hydrophobic pocket that normally binds a cellular "pocket factor," may be critical for the release of the pocket factor, decreasing the virus stability and hence initiating uncoating. The large area of the CD155 footprint on the PV surface, in comparison with other picornavirus-receptor interactions, could be a potential limitation on the viability of PV escape mutants from antibody neutralization. Many of these are likely to have lost their ability to bind CD155, resulting in there being only three PV serotypes.
Complexes of poliovirus serotypes with their common cellular receptor, CD155.,He Y, Mueller S, Chipman PR, Bator CM, Peng X, Bowman VD, Mukhopadhyay S, Wimmer E, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG J Virol. 2003 Apr;77(8):4827-35. PMID:12663789[27]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Ventoso I, MacMillan SE, Hershey JW, Carrasco L. Poliovirus 2A proteinase cleaves directly the eIF-4G subunit of eIF-4F complex. FEBS Lett. 1998 Sep 11;435(1):79-83. PMID:9755863
- ↑ Bubeck D, Filman DJ, Cheng N, Steven AC, Hogle JM, Belnap DM. The structure of the poliovirus 135S cell entry intermediate at 10-angstrom resolution reveals the location of an externalized polypeptide that binds to membranes. J Virol. 2005 Jun;79(12):7745-55. PMID:15919927 doi:79/12/7745
- ↑ Bergelson JM. New (fluorescent) light on poliovirus entry. Trends Microbiol. 2008 Feb;16(2):44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004. Epub 2008 , Jan 10. PMID:18191571 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.004
- ↑ Sloan KE, Eustace BK, Stewart JK, Zehetmeier C, Torella C, Simeone M, Roy JE, Unger C, Louis DN, Ilag LL, Jay DG. CD155/PVR plays a key role in cell motility during tumor cell invasion and migration. BMC Cancer. 2004 Oct 7;4:73. PMID:15471548 doi:1471-2407-4-73
- ↑ Pende D, Bottino C, Castriconi R, Cantoni C, Marcenaro S, Rivera P, Spaggiari GM, Dondero A, Carnemolla B, Reymond N, Mingari MC, Lopez M, Moretta L, Moretta A. PVR (CD155) and Nectin-2 (CD112) as ligands of the human DNAM-1 (CD226) activating receptor: involvement in tumor cell lysis. Mol Immunol. 2005 Feb;42(4):463-9. PMID:15607800 doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.028
- ↑ He Y, Mueller S, Chipman PR, Bator CM, Peng X, Bowman VD, Mukhopadhyay S, Wimmer E, Kuhn RJ, Rossmann MG. Complexes of poliovirus serotypes with their common cellular receptor, CD155. J Virol. 2003 Apr;77(8):4827-35. PMID:12663789
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