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Flagellar protein

From Proteopedia

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1 Function
2 Assembly
3 3D structures of flagellar protein

Function

The bacterial flagellum consists of a filament, a universal joint (hook), and a motor (basal body).

Flagella (singular: flagellum) enable bacteria to swim towards sources of nutrition, and away from sources of toxins. Such directed motility is termed chemotaxis. Rapid swimming helps Bdellovibrio penetrate and parasitize their host bacteria, but flagella are not always essential for virulence^[1]. Flagella are important in responses to quorum sensing^[2] and biofilm formation^[3]^[4]. Flagella may also be involved in functions other than motility^[5]. For further information, please see Flagellum at Wikipedia. The bacterial flagellum is made up of about 25 different proteins. There are only a few copies of some proteins, and tens of thousands of copies of the filament protein, FliC. The flagellum is made up of three major regions, as follows.

Motor

At the base of a bacterial flagellum is a reversible motor, also called the basal body. The source of energy driving the motor is an electromotive gradient of, in some bacteria, protons (hydrogen ions, H⁺) or, in other bacteria, sodium ions (Na⁺). The gradient has a higher concentration of ions outside the cell, and a lower concentration of ions inside the cell. Ions flow from outside to inside the bacterial cell, passing through the motor and driving its rotation by a mechanism which is poorly understood.

For more details see Flagellar biosynthetic protein

Filament (Propeller)

The flagellar filament is a relatively rigid, helical rod, typically many times the length of the bacterial cell. Many motile bacteria, including Salmonella, have multiple flagella extending from each cell. Rotation of the filaments by the motor is what propels the cell. More...

For more details see Flagellar proteins and Flagellar filament of bacteria.

Hook (Universal Joint)

The filament is attached to the motor with the flagellar hook, which is a molecular universal joint. The hook is flexible, allowing the angle between the filament and the bacterial cell surface to change over a wide range. However, the hook efficiently transmits torque from the motor to the filament, causing it to rotate.

For details see

Assembly


	Assembly of the bacterial flagellum. Credit: Protonic Nanomachine Project, used with permission of Keiichi Namba, Osaka University.

During assembly of the flagellum, its protein components are transported through hollow cores of the basal body, hook and filament, assembling at the end of the nascent flagellum^[6]. The Namba Group has prepared a movie illustrating their understanding of the assembly process as of about 2004.

3D structures of flagellar protein

Flagellar protein 3D structures

Lists of Flagellar Structures

These are automatically-generated lists of PDB codes.

Special:Prefixindex/Category:Flagell includes categories beginning with Flagellar, Flagellin, Flagella, Flagellum.
Special:Prefixindex/Category:Bacterial flagell

and there are undoubtedly other flagellum-related Categories ...

References and Notes

↑ Lockman HA, Curtiss R 3rd. Salmonella typhimurium mutants lacking flagella or motility remain virulent in BALB/c mice. Infect Immun. 1990 Jan;58(1):137-43. PMID:2152887
↑ Daniels R, Vanderleyden J, Michiels J. Quorum sensing and swarming migration in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004 Jun;28(3):261-89. PMID:15449604
↑ Yildiz FH, Visick KL. Vibrio biofilms: so much the same yet so different. Trends Microbiol. 2009 Mar;17(3):109-18. Epub 2009 Feb 21. PMID:19231189 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.12.004
↑ Lemon KP, Higgins DE, Kolter R. Flagellar motility is critical for Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 2007 Jun;189(12):4418-24. Epub 2007 Apr 6. PMID:17416647 doi:10.1128/JB.01967-06
↑ Guerry P. Campylobacter flagella: not just for motility. Trends Microbiol. 2007 Oct;15(10):456-61. Epub 2007 Oct 24. PMID:17920274 doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.09.006
↑ Minamino T, Imada K, Namba K. Mechanisms of type III protein export for bacterial flagellar assembly. Mol Biosyst. 2008 Nov;4(11):1105-15. Epub 2008 Sep 24. PMID:18931786 doi:10.1039/b808065h

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Eric Martz, Michal Harel, Joel L. Sussman, Fadel A. Samatey, Jaime Prilusky

Retrieved from "http://52.214.119.220/wiki/index.php/Flagellar_protein"

Category: Topic Page

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 </StructureSection>
-==3D structures of flagellar protein==
-Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
-{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
-*Flagellar protein FlaG
-**[[5tuh]] – SaFlaG – ''Sulfolobus acidocaldarius''<br />
-**[[5tug]] – SaFlaG + FlaF<br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgA
-**[[3vki]], [[3vjp]], [[3tee]] – StFlgA – ''Salmonella typhimurium''<br />
-**[[3frn]] – TmFlgA – ''Thermotoga maritima''<br />
-**[[6ch3]] – StFlgA  + flagellin<br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgD
-**[[4zzf]] – HpFlgD – ''Helicobacter pylori'' <br />
-**[[3osv]] – PaFlgD residues 100-237 – ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
-**[[3c12]] – XcFlgD – ''Xanthomonas campestris''<br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgE
-**[[5xbj]], [[5az4]] – CjFlgE – ''Campylobacter jejuni''<br />
-**[[5jxl]] – CjFlgE – Cryo EM<br />
-**[[5ay6]] – FlgE – ''Caulobacter crescntus''<br />
-**[[3a69]] – SeFlgE – ''Salmonella enterica'' – Cryo EM<br />
-**[[2bgz]], [[2bgy]] – StFlgE – Cryo EM<br />
-**[[1wlg]] – StFlgE <br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgG or flagellar basal-body rod protein
-**[[5wrh]] – StFlgG – Cryo EM <br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgJ
-**[[4qdn]] – TmFlgJ <br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgK or flagellar hook-associated protein 1
-**[[5xbj]] – CjFlgK <br />
-**[[2d4y]] – StFlgK <br />
-**[[4ut1]] – FlgK – ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''<br />
-*Flagellar protein FlgL or flagellar hook-associated protein 3
-**[[5yti]] – LpFlgL – ''Legionella pneumophila''<br />
-**[[5ziz]], [[5zj0]] – XcFlgL (mutant) <br />
-**[[5ziy]] – BcFlgL – ''Bacillus cereus''<br />
-**[[2d4x]] – StFlgL <br />
-*Flagellar protein FlhA
-**[[6ch1]], [[6ai0]], [[3a5i]] – StFlhA cytoplasmic domain<br />
-**[[6ai3]], [[6ai2]], [[6ai1]] – StFlhA cytoplasmic domain (mutant)<br />
-**[[3myd]] – HpFlhA cytoplasmic domain<br />
-**[[3mix]] – BsFlhA cytoplasmic domain – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
-**[[6ch2]] – StFlhA cytoplasmic domain + FliD + FliT<br />
-*Flagellar protein FlhB
-**[[3b1s]] – AaFlhB C-terminal – ''Aquifex aeolicus''<br />
-**[[3b0z]] – StFlhB C-terminal <br />
-*Flagellar protein FlhE
-**[[4qxl]] – SeFlhE<br />
-*Flagellar protein FlhF
-**[[3syn]] – BsFlhF + ATP-binding protein YLXH – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
-**[[2px3]] – BsFlhF + GDP<br />
-**[[2px0]] – BsFlhF + GMPPNP<br />
-*Flagellar protein FliD or flagellar hook-associated protein 2
-**[[5xlk]], [[5xlj]] – FliD D2-D3 domain - Serratia marcescens<br />
-**[[5h5w]], [[5h5v]] – EcFliD D2-D3 domain – Escherichia coli<br />
-**[[5h5t]] – StFliD D2-D3 domain <br />
-**[[5hfy]] – PaFliD residues 78-405 <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliF or flagellar M-ring protein
-**[[5tdy]] – TmFliF C-terminal + FliG <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliG or flagellar motor switch protein
-**[[3usy]], [[3usw]] – HpFliG  <br />
-**[[5wuj]] – HpFliG N-terminal + FliF <br />
-**[[3hjl]] – AaFliG  <br />
-**[[3ajc]] – TmFliG (mutant) <br />
-**[[1qc7]] – TmFliG C-terminal <br />
-**[[1lkv]] – TmFliG residues 104-335 <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliH
-**[[5b0o]] – StFliS + FliI <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliI or flagellum-specific ATP synthase
-**[[2dpy]] – StFliI  <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliJ
-**[[3ajw]] – StFliJ  <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliL
-**[[6ahq]], [[6ahp]] – FliL fragment – Vibrio alginolyticus  <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliM
-**[[4gc8]] – HpFliM middle domain  <br />
-**[[5x0z]] – HpFliM + SPEE  <br />
-**[[4fq0]] – HpFliM + FliG <br />
-**[[2hp7]] – TmFliM Chec-like domain <br />
-**[[4qrm]], [[4fhr]], [[3soh]] – TmFliM + FliG <br />
-**[[1f4v]] – EcFliM C-terminal + CheY  <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliN
-**[[1yab]] – TmFliN  <br />
-**[[5xrw]] – HpFliN + FliY <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliP
-**[[5h72]] – TmFliP periplasmic domain  <br />
-*Flagellar proteins FliP+FliQ+FliR
-**[[6r69]], [[6f2d]] – SeFliP + SeFliQ + SeFliR – Cryo EM  <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliS
-**[[5xef]] – BcFliS <br />
-**[[1vh6]] – BsFliS <br />
-**[[1orj]] – AaFliS <br />
-**[[3iqc]] – HpFliS <br />
-**[[5maw]], [[6gow]] – BsFliS  + flagellin<br />
-**[[1ory]] – AaFliS  + flagellin<br />
-**[[3k1i]] – HpFliS + protein <br />
-*Flagellar protein FliT
-**[[3a7m]] – StFliT <br />
-**[[5ks6]] – StFliT - NMR <br />
-**[[5gna]] – StFliT + FliD  <br />
-**[[3nkz]] – FliT – Yersinia enterocolitica <br />
-**[[3h3m]] – FliT – Bordetella bronchiseptica<br />
-*Flagellar protein FliY
-**[[4hyn]] – TmFliY Chec-like domain <br />
-**[[5xrw]] – HpFliY + FliN <br />
-}}
 ====Lists of Flagellar Structures====
 These are automatically-generated lists of [[PDB codes]].

Flagellar protein

From Proteopedia

Current revision

Contents

Function

Motor

Filament (Propeller)

Hook (Universal Joint)

Assembly

3D structures of flagellar protein

Lists of Flagellar Structures

See Also

References and Notes

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

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