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Molecular Playground/Insulin

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Insulin is able to pair-up with itself and form a dimer by forming hydrogen bonds between the ends of two B-chains. These <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>hydrogen bonds</scene> are shown above in white. Then, 3 dimers can come together in the presence of zinc ions and form a hexamer. Insulin is stored in the <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexameric form</scene> in the body. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for [[Pharmaceutical_Drugs#Treatments|pharmaceutical use]].
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Insulin is able to pair-up with itself and form a dimer by forming hydrogen bonds between the ends of two B-chains. These <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_dimer/2'>hydrogen bonds</scene> are shown above in white. Then, 3 dimers can come together in the presence of zinc ions and form a hexamer. Insulin is stored in the <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_hexamer/4'>hexameric form</scene> in the body. This <scene name='User:Whitney_Stoppel/sandbox1/Insulin_ph7/2'>scene highlights</scene> the hydrophobic (gray) and polar (purple) parts of an insulin monomer at a pH of 7. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for [[Pharmaceutical_Drugs#Treatments|pharmaceutical use]].
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</StructureSection> For additional details see<br />
+
</StructureSection>
 +
== References ==
 +
<references/>
 +
==Additional Information and Resources==
 +
[[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]<br />
[[Insulin Structure & Function]]<br />
[[Insulin Structure & Function]]<br />
[[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]<br />
[[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]<br />
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[[Insulin (Hebrew)]]<br />
[[Insulin (Hebrew)]]<br />
[[Insulin mo-or-sl]] (Hebrew).
[[Insulin mo-or-sl]] (Hebrew).
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==3D structures of Insulin==
 
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(Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}})
 
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{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
 
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* Insulin
 
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** [[3i3z]], [[3i40]], [[3e7y]], [[3e7z]], [[2qiu]], [[2c8q]], [[2c8r]], [[1q4v]], [[1os3]], [[1os4]], [[1mso]], [[1guj]], [[1g7a]], [[1g7b]], [[1xda]], [[1trz]], [[3zqr]], [[3zs2]], [[3zu1]], [[2lgb]], [[3v19]], [[3v1g]], [[4ajx]], [[4ajz]], [[4ak0]], [[4akj]], [[4eww]], [[4ewx]], [[4ewz]], [[4ex0]], [[4ex1]], [[4exx]], [[4ey1]], [[4ey9]], [[4eyd]], [[4eyn]], [[4eyp]], [[4f0n]], [[4f0o]], [[4f1a]], [[4f1b]], [[4f1c]], [[4f1d]], [[4f1f]], [[4f1g]], [[4f4t]], [[4f4v]], [[4f51]], [[4f8f]], [[4fg3]], [[4fka]], [[4gbc]], [[4gbi]], [[4gbk]], [[4gbl]], [[4gbn]], [[2m1d]], [[4iyd]], [[4iyf]], [[2mli]], [[4p65]], [[4rxw]], [[2w44]], [[3jsd]], [[2vjz]], [[2vk0]], [[1uz9]], [[3p33]], [[3w7y]], [[3w7z]], [[3w80]], [[4xc4]], [[5ems]], [[5e7w]], [[5co9]], [[5co6]], [[5co2]], [[5cny]], [[5bts]], [[5bqq]], [[5bpo]], [[5boq]] - hIns A chain + B chain – human <BR />
 
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** [[1fu2]], [[1fub]] - hIns A chain + B chain – powder diffraction <BR />
 
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** [[2kxk]], [[3bxq]], [[1b9e]], [[3rov]], [[3u4n]], [[4iuz]], [[2m1e]], [[2m2m]], [[2m2n]], [[2m2o]], [[2m2p]], [[5hrq]], [[5hqi]], [[5hpu]], [[5hpr]], [[5ena]], [[5en9]], [[6ck2]], [[5uu4]], [[5uu3]], [[5uu2]], [[5usv]], [[5uss]], [[5usp]], [[5uru]], [[5urt]], [[5uqa]], [[5uoz]], [[1w8p]], [[4cxl]], [[4cxn]], [[4cy7]], [[4nib]], [[4une]], [[4ung]], [[4unh]], [[2wru]], [[2wrv]], [[2wrw]], [[2wrx]], [[2ws0]], [[2ws1]], [[2ws4]], [[2ws6]],[[ 2ws7]], [[1qj0]], [[3p2x]] – hIns A chain + B chain (mutant) <BR />
 
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** [[3ir0]], [[3inc]], [[3ilg]], [[3kq6]], [[3exx]], [[2r34]], [[2r35]], [[2r36]], [[3tt8]] - hIns A chain + B chain + non-Zn metal ion<BR />
 
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** [[3fq9]], [[1xw7]], [[1rwe]], [[1jca]], [[1j73]], [[4efx]], [[5t7r]], [[1zeh]], [[3zi3]], [[5azz]] - hIns A chain (mutant) + B chain <BR />
 
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**[[5mwq]] - hIns A chain (mutant) + B chain (mutant)<br />
 
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** [[3gky]], [[2g4m]], [[1zni]], [[1znj]], [[1wav]], [[1iza]], [[1izb]], [[9ins]], [[4ins]], [[3ins]], [[3t2a]], [[4a7e]], [[3rto]], [[3fhp]], [[5lis]], [[5fb6]], [[5d5e]], [[5d54]], [[5d53]], [[5d52]] - pIns A chain + B chain – pig<BR />
 
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** [[2zpp]], [[2efa]] - pIns A chain + B chain – Neutron <BR />
 
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** [[2zp6]], [[1aph]], [[1bph]], [[1cph]], [[1dph]], [[4e7t]], [[4e7u]], [[4e7v]], [[4idw]], [[4bs3]], [[4i5y]], [[4i5z]], [[4ihn]], [[4m4f]], [[4m4h]], [[4m4i]], [[4m4j]], [[4m4l]], [[4m4m]], [[2a3g]], [[2bn1]], [[2bn3]] - bIns A chain + B chain – bovine <BR />
 
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** [[3rto]], [[3fhp]] - pIns A chain + B chain <br />
 
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** [[1m5a]] - pIns A chain + B chain + non-Zn metal ion<BR />
 
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** [[6ins]] – pIns single chain<br />
 
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**[[5jyq]] - Ins A chain + B chain – ''Conus geographus''<br />
 
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* Insulin structures using NMR
 
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** [[1sf1]], [[2aiy]], [[3aiy]], [[4aiy]], [[5aiy]], [[1ai0]], [[1aiy]], [[1xgl]], [[1hiq]], [[1hit]], [[2mpg]], [[2mvc]] - hIns A chain + B chain – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2hiu]] – apo-hIns A chain + B chain – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2kqq]], [[1t1k]], [[1t1p]], [[1t1q]], [[2mpi]], [[2l1y]], [[2l1z]], [[5mhd]] - hIns A chain (mutant) + B chain – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2jmn]], [[2h67]], [[2hh4]], [[2hho]], [[1jco]], [[1a7f]], [[2mvd]], [[2kjj]], [[2kju]], [[2k91]], [[2k9r]], [[2rn5]] - hIns A chain + B chain (mutant) – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2jum]], [[2juu]], [[2juv]], [[1kmf]], [[1k3m]], [[1bzv]], [[1vkt]], [[1hui]], [[1mhi]], [[1mhj]], [[1hls]], [[1lkq]] - hIns A chain (mutant) + B chain (mutant) – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2jv1]] – apo-hIns A chain + B chain (mutant) – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2jzq]] - hIns A chain – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[1ho0]] - hIns B chain (mutant) – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[2lwz]], [[5bwt]] – hIns single chain - NMR<br />
 
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**[[5miz]] - bIns A chain + B chain – NMR
 
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* Insulin complexes
 
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** [[4xc4]] - hIns A chain + B chain + sulfatide<BR />
 
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** [[1ben]] - hIns A chain + B chain + hydroxybenzamide<BR />
 
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** [[1tyl]], [[1tym]] - hIns A chain + B chain + hydroxyacetanilide<BR />
 
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** [[2oly]], [[2om0]], [[2omh]], [[2omi]] - hIns A chain + B chain + urea + resorcinol<BR />
 
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** [[2omg]] - hIns A chain + B chain + urea + cresol<br />
 
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** [[2olz]], [[2om1]] - hIns A chain + B chain + thiocyanate<BR />
 
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** [[1jk8]] - hIns B chain peptide + HLA<BR />
 
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** [[1zeg]], [[1lph]] - hIns A chain (mutant) + B chain (mutant) + phenol<br />
 
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** [[1qiy]] - hIns A chain + B chain (mutant) + phenol<br />
 
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** [[1qiz]] - hIns A chain + B chain (mutant) + resorcinol<BR />
 
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** [[1ev3]], [[1ev6]] - hIns A chain + B chain+ cresol<br />
 
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** [[1evr]] - hIns A chain + B chain + resorcinol<BR />
 
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** [[3q6e]] - hIns A chain + B chain + synthetic receptor<BR />
 
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** [[2g54]], [[2g56]] - hIns B chain + insulin-degrading enzyme<br />
 
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** [[2wby]], [[2wc0]], [[6b3q]] - hIns A chain + B chain + insulin-degrading enzyme (mutant)<br />
 
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** [[3w11]], [[5kqv]], [[5wob]] - hIns A chain + B chain + insulin-degrading enzyme + antibody<br />
 
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**[[6ce7]], [[6ce9]], [[6ceb]] - hIns A chain + B chain + insulin receptor <br />
 
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**[[4oga]] - hIns A chain + B chain + insulin receptor + antibody<br />
 
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**[[5mam]] - hIns A chain + B chain + serotonin <br />
 
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**[[5mt9]], [[5mt3]] - hIns A chain + B chain + serotonin + arginine<br />
 
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** [[1b17]], [[1b18]], [[1b19]], [[1b2a]], [[1b2b]], [[1b2c]], [[1b2d]], [[1b2e]], [[1b2f]], [[1b2g]] - pIns A chain + B chain + sulfate<BR />
 
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** [[1mpj]] - pIns A chain + B chain + phenol<br />
 
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** [[2tci]] - pIns A chain + B chain + thiocyanate<BR />
 
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** [[3mth]] - pIns A chain + B chain + methylparaben<BR />
 
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** [[1zei]] - pIns A chain (mutant) + cresol<br />
 
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** [[7ins]] - pIns A chain + B chain + clupeine + cresol<br />
 
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* Proinsulin
 
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** [[2kqp]] – hPIns A chain – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[1t0c]] - hPIns A chain residues 57-87 – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[1iog]], [[1ioh]], [[1sjt]] - hPIns A chain (mutant) + B chain (mutant) – NMR<BR />
 
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** [[1efe]] – mini-hPIns<BR />
 
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** [[1sju]] - mini-hPIns (mutant)
 
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* Despeptide insulin
 
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** [[2ceu]] – DPI – yeast<BR />
 
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** [[1sdb]] - pDPI A chain + B chain<BR />
 
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** [[1pid]] - bDPI A chain + B chain<BR />
 
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** [[1his]] - hDPI A chain + B chain]] - NMR<BR />
 
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** [[1htv]] – hDTRI A chain + B chain<BR />
 
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** [[1dei]] – pDHPI A chain (mutant) + B chain (mutant) <BR />
 
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** [[2ins]] – bD-Phe Ins chain A + chain B
 
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* Leginsulin
 
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** [[1ju8]] – Lins A chain residues 1-37 – legume - NMR<BR />
 
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*Insulin lispro
 
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**[[5udp]] – hIns – synthetic<br />
 
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*Insulin glargine
 
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**[[4iyd]], [[4iyf]], [[5viz]] – hIns – synthetic<br />
 
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}}
 
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== References ==
 
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<references/>
 
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==Additional Resources==
 
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For additional information, see: [[Diabetes & Hypoglycemia]]
 
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<br />
 
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Revision as of 02:23, 16 July 2019

One of the CBI Molecules being studied in the University of Massachusetts Amherst Chemistry-Biology Interface Program at UMass Amherst in the Roberts Research Group and on display at the Molecular Playground.

Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), 3i40

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. ↑ Sonksen P, Sonksen J. Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Jul;85(1):69-79. PMID:10927996
  2. ↑ Davidson HW. (Pro)Insulin processing: a historical perspective. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004;40(3 Suppl):143-58. PMID:15289650
  3. ↑ Zakova L, Barth T, Jiracek J, Barthova J, Zorad S. Shortened insulin analogues: marked changes in biological activity resulting from replacement of TyrB26 and N-methylation of peptide bonds in the C-terminus of the B-chain. Biochemistry. 2004 Mar 2;43(8):2323-31. PMID:14979729 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi036001w

Additional Information and Resources

Diabetes & Hypoglycemia
Insulin Structure & Function
Diabetes & Hypoglycemia
Insulin glargine
Insulin (Hebrew)
Insulin mo-or-sl (Hebrew).

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