Pharmaceutical Drugs

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AstraZeneca’s Nexium
AstraZeneca’s Nexium

The Pharmaceutical industry is one of the world’s largest industries, grossing well over $300 billion in the United States alone. Understanding how the drugs the pharma industry develops work and different characteristics of these compounds is important to nearly everyone as 50% of the US population takes at least one prescription medication regularly and nearly everyone takes a pharmaceutical pill at some point in their life.[1] See also WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines. The following is a growing list of pharmaceutical compounds organized by disorder.

See Pharmaceutical Drug Targets for a list of drug targets organized by disease.

The majority of all modern medicinal drugs target members of the superfamily of proteins called the G protein-coupled receptors or GPCRs[2][3].

Treatments

The following is a list of pharmaceutical treatments for various diseases, organized by disorder. Each entry highlights general information about the therapeutic, pharmacokinetic data comparisons within its drug class, and a structural analysis explaining how the drug compound functions in vivo.

Alzheimer's Disease

Bacterial Infection

Cancer
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Antagonists at glutamatergic NMDA receptors
Antibiotics
Anti-ulcer antibiotics
Beta-lactam antibiotics

See Beta-lactam antibiotics, Penams

Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody
Anti-melanoma Monoclonal Antibody

See Treatment of multiple myeloma

Anti-prostate cancer
Anti-myeloma
Anti-acute lymphocytic leukemia
Anti-non-small cell lung cacinoma
B-Raf Kinase Inhibitor
  • Zelboraf - Generic: Vemurafenib (Formerly: PLX-4032)
Chemotherapy
Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Estrogen Receptor Modulator
mTOR inhibitor
  • Rapamune - Generic: Sirolimus (Rapamycin)
  • Afinitor - Generic: Everolimus
  • Torisel - Generic: Temsirolimus
Multiple Receptor Tyrosine kinase (VEGFR, PDGFR, EGFR, KIT, Abl, RAF kinase) Inhibitors

See Treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia, Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, Treatment of renal cell carcinoma, Treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, VEGFR inhibitors and Tyrosine-kinase inhibitors.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor
Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors
Cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors

See also Anti-cancer drugs, Anticancer drugs and RAF kinase inhibitors

Depression

Diabetes

Erectile Dysfunction

Serotonin Transporter Inhibitors

Tricyclic Antidepressants
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor

See Atypical antipsychotics


Insulin
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Inhibitor
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Agonist
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist
Mechanism is not completely understood
Inhibitors of the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2)
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor
  • Cialis - Generic: Tadalafil
  • Levitra - Generic: Vardenafil
  • Viagra - Generic: Sildenafil

Hypercholeseterolemia

Hypertension

HIV
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)
Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein blocker
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors
Inhibitors of neprilysin
Renin inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Chemokine Receptor Type 5 (CCR5) Inhibitors
  • Selzentry - Generic: Maraviroc
HIV-Protease Inhibitors
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
  • Baraclude - Generic: Entecavir
  • Emtriva - Generic: Emtricitabine
  • Epivir - Generic: Lamivudine
  • Hivid - Generic: Zalcitabine
  • Retrovir - Generic: Zidovudine
  • Videx - Generic: Didanosine
  • Viread - Generic: Tenofovir
  • Zerit - Generic: Stavudine
  • Ziagen - Generic: Abacavir
Retroviral Integrase Inhibitors
Cytochrome P450 inhibitors
Combinations


Inflammation & Arthritis

Influenza

Opioid drugs
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors
  • Voltaren - Generic: Diclofenac also may inhibit phospholipase A2 as part of its mechanism of action.
M2 Proton Channel Inhibitors
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Opioid receptors agonists
  • MScontin, Oramorph, Sevredol - Generic: Morphine (opioid receptor agonist)
  • Demerol - Generic: Meperidine (opioid receptor agonist)
  • Dolophine - Generic: Methadone (Levomethadone (the R enantiomer) is a opioid receptor agonist)
  • Actiq, Duragesic, Fentora - Generic: Fentanyl (opioid receptor agonist)
Opioid receptors antagonists
  • Narcan - Generic: Naloxone (competitive opioid receptor antagonist)
  • ReVia - Generic: Naltrexone (competitive opioid receptor antagonist)
  • Entereg - Generic: Alvimopan (opioid receptor antagonist)

Viral diseases

Asthma

Various diseases
Anti-viral RNA synthesis
Anti-chickenpox and cytomegalovirus infection and herpes and shingles
Anti-Asthma

Glucocorticoids inhibitors

Beta-2 adrenergic receptor inhibitors

Anti-swelling

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel inhibitors

Anti-epilepsy

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channel inhibitors

Anti-psoriasis
Anti-glaucoma and mountain sickness
Anti-gastroesophageal reflux disese

H/K transporting ATPase inhibitor

Local anesthetic


References

  1. ↑ http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2010/09/03/129626052/a-portrait-of-health-prescription-drugs-in-america
  2. ↑ Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL. How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. PMID:17139284 doi:10.1038/nrd2199
  3. ↑ Peeters MC, van Westen GJ, Li Q, IJzerman AP. Importance of the extracellular loops in G protein-coupled receptors for ligand recognition and receptor activation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2011 Jan;32(1):35-42. PMID:21075459 doi:10.1016/j.tips.2010.10.001


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