User:Karsten Theis/Insulin

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==Function==
==Function==
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The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas.
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The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin then binds to the insulin receptor, changing its conformation <ref>DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711047</ref>. Depending on cell type and the presence of other signals (glucogon, epinephrine), the cell will modify its metabolism.
==Disease==
==Disease==

Revision as of 16:51, 10 July 2019

Insulin is a peptide hormone that controls carbohydrate metabolism and storage in the human body[1][2]. It is secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas, enters the bloodstream and reaches other cells. There, it binds to the extracellular side of the insulin receptor, triggering tyrosine kinase activity within the target cell, which in turn regulates glucose uptake, metabolism and storage.

Contents

Function

The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin then binds to the insulin receptor, changing its conformation [3]. Depending on cell type and the presence of other signals (glucogon, epinephrine), the cell will modify its metabolism.

Disease

In patients with diabetes, insulin signalling is compromised[4]. Synthesis of human insulin in E. coli is important to producing insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for pharmaceutical use.

Structure

Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), 3i40

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. ↑ Sonksen P, Sonksen J. Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Jul;85(1):69-79. PMID:10927996
  2. ↑ Weiss MA, Lawrence MC. A thing of beauty: Structure and function of insulin's "aromatic triplet". Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Sep;20 Suppl 2:51-63. doi: 10.1111/dom.13402. PMID:30230175 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.13402
  3. ↑ Gutmann T, Kim KH, Grzybek M, Walz T, Coskun U. Visualization of ligand-induced transmembrane signaling in the full-length human insulin receptor. J Cell Biol. 2018 May 7;217(5):1643-1649. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201711047. Epub 2018, Feb 16. PMID:29453311 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201711047
  4. ↑ https://www.endotext.org/section/diabetes/
  5. ↑ Davidson HW. (Pro)Insulin processing: a historical perspective. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004;40(3 Suppl):143-58. PMID:15289650

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Karsten Theis

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