User:Karsten Theis/Insulin

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The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin then binds to the insulin receptor, changing its conformation <ref>DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711047</ref>. Depending on cell type and the presence of other signals (glucogon, epinephrine), the cell will modify its metabolism.
The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin then binds to the insulin receptor, changing its conformation <ref>DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711047</ref>. Depending on cell type and the presence of other signals (glucogon, epinephrine), the cell will modify its metabolism.
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==Disease and Treatment==
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==Disease==
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In patients with diabetes, insulin signalling is compromised<ref>https://www.endotext.org/section/diabetes/</ref>.
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In patients with diabetes, insulin signalling is compromised<ref>https://www.endotext.org/section/diabetes/</ref>. Synthesis of human insulin in ''E. coli'' is important to producing insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for [[Pharmaceutical_Drugs#Treatments|pharmaceutical use]].
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Type I: Insulin is not produced
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Type II: Insulin is produced, but receptor does not trigger signal: <ref>DOI:10.1172/JCI77812.</ref>
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<ref> DOI: 10.1530/endoabs.56.PL5</ref>
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Synthesis of human insulin in ''E. coli'' is important to producing insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for [[Pharmaceutical_Drugs#Treatments|pharmaceutical use]].
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== Structure ==
== Structure ==

Revision as of 15:24, 12 July 2019

Insulin is a peptide hormone that controls carbohydrate metabolism and storage in the human body[1][2]. It is secreted by specialized cells in the pancreas, enters the bloodstream and reaches other cells. There, it binds to the extracellular side of the insulin receptor, triggering tyrosine kinase activity within the target cell, which in turn regulates glucose uptake, metabolism and storage.

Contents

Function

Insulin, together with glucagon, regulates blood sugar levels by changing fuel metabolism in all cells [3] within minutes and hours. The presence of insulin in the blood signals the well-fed stage, while the presence of glucagon signals the fasting stage. [1]

  1. Biosynthesis

"The pancreas of a normal adult contains approximately 200 units of insulin, and the average daily secretion of insulin into the circulation in healthy individuals ranges from 30 to 50 units. https://www.britannica.com/science/insulin" 1 IU = 0.0347 mg [4]

  1. Receptor interaction

[5]

  1. Degradation [6]

The body is able to sense the concentration of glucose in the blood and respond by secreting insulin, which is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin then binds to the insulin receptor, changing its conformation [7]. Depending on cell type and the presence of other signals (glucogon, epinephrine), the cell will modify its metabolism.

Disease

In patients with diabetes, insulin signalling is compromised[8]. Synthesis of human insulin in E. coli is important to producing insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. It is believed that the hydrophobic sections on the B-chain cause insulin aggregation which initially caused problems in the manufacture and storage of insulin for pharmaceutical use.

Structure

Human insulin chain A (grey) and chain B (green), 3i40

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. ↑ Sonksen P, Sonksen J. Insulin: understanding its action in health and disease. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Jul;85(1):69-79. PMID:10927996
  2. ↑ Weiss MA, Lawrence MC. A thing of beauty: Structure and function of insulin's "aromatic triplet". Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018 Sep;20 Suppl 2:51-63. doi: 10.1111/dom.13402. PMID:30230175 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dom.13402
  3. ↑ https://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/insulin/
  4. ↑ https://www.who.int/biologicals/expert_committee/BS_2143_Human_Recombinant_Insulin_final.pdf<\ref>
    1. Secretion and transport
    <ref>https://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/diabetes-resources/definitions/portal-vein/</li> <li id="cite_note-4">[[#cite_ref-4|↑]] https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/182</li> <li id="cite_note-5">[[#cite_ref-5|↑]] Duckworth WC, Bennett RG, Hamel FG. Insulin degradation: progress and potential. Endocr Rev. 1998 Oct;19(5):608-24. doi: 10.1210/edrv.19.5.0349. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9793760 9793760] doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.5.0349 http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.19.5.0349]</li> <li id="cite_note-6">[[#cite_ref-6|↑]] Gutmann T, Kim KH, Grzybek M, Walz T, Coskun U. Visualization of ligand-induced transmembrane signaling in the full-length human insulin receptor. J Cell Biol. 2018 May 7;217(5):1643-1649. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201711047. Epub 2018, Feb 16. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453311 29453311] doi:[http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201711047 http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201711047]</li> <li id="cite_note-7">[[#cite_ref-7|↑]] https://www.endotext.org/section/diabetes/</li> <li id="cite_note-8">[[#cite_ref-8|↑]] Davidson HW. (Pro)Insulin processing: a historical perspective. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004;40(3 Suppl):143-58. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289650 15289650] </li></ol></ref>

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Karsten Theis

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