Sandbox Reserved 1700

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This Sandbox is Reserved from February 28 through September 1, 2022 for use in the course CH462 Biochemistry II taught by R. Jeremy Johnson at the Butler University, Indianapolis, USA. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1700 through Sandbox Reserved 1729.

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User: Alexandra L. Carmichael

MRGPRX2 Human Itch G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

MRGPRX2 is a specific type of GPCR. Its transmembrane domain (red) spans the phospholipid bilayer of cellular membranes and attaches to the G-protein. The G-protein consists of 3 different domains: alpha (blue), beta (magenta), and gamma (yellow).

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

MRGPRX2 is a certain type of GPCR that is located in the cellular membranes of mast cells.

MRGPRX2 as it sits within the extracellular membrane. Phospholipid bilayer is represented by grey dots, with labeled cellular locations

1 Background
2 GPCR Structure
3 Function
4 3D Structures

Background

GCPR’s or G-Protein Coupled Receptors are a special type of protein receptor that promotes cellular signaling. Due to its structure spanning the cellular membrane, it works to transmit extracellular signals to create a change inside the cell. This is called signal transduction, and is a common way extracellular signals produce a change within cells. Some common cellular pathways that utilize GPCR’s are found in Rhodopsin, a protein essential for the human vision response, or the adrenaline fight-or-flight response. Understanding GPCR’s and how they produce their desired intracellular signal is essential understanding essential cellular pathways, especially in their diseased states. As of 2017, there were about 475 drugs in circulation that acted on 108 GPCR targets, and at least 321 GPCR-targeting drugs were in clinical trial stages, with about 20% of them targeting novel GPCR’s. ^[1] Because of the clinical relevance of GPCR’s, every new structure found, such as MRGPRX2, contributes to essential drug development to both treat disease, or modulate harmful side effects.

Because of how many different types of GPCR’s there are, they have been categorized into 6 different classes based on shared sequences and functions.^[2] MRGPRX2 is categorized into the Class A receptor family, however it has important differences that make it a unique type of Class A receptor. ^[3]^[4]

GPCR Structure

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to image the MRGPRX2 receptor to analyze its structure. ^[3] ^[4] which helped to classify it into the A family of GPCR's. MRGPRX2 therefore shares the same general structural domains of all GPCR's. This includes a and a domain. The G-protein domain consists of , , and subunits. In preparing the protein sample, MRGPRX2 was prepared with the in order to stabilize the membrane for proper imaging. For simplicity and to focus on the specific MRGPRX2 receptor, the antibody has been removed.

Transmembrane Domain

The transmembrane domain spans the cellular membrane. It consists of , three extracellular loops, and three intracellular loops. The transmembrane helices are numbered 1-7 and contain special conserved motifs that are shared across other A family receptors. These motifs are expanded upon later, as they heavily contribute to the structure and therefore function of the transmembrane domain as a whole. The extracellular domain of the protein is responsible for ligand binding, which initiates signal transduction. The properties of the extracellular environment of the transmembrane domain determines what ligands bind to the protein, and what type of binding interactions the protein and ligand have. In MRGPRX2, the extracellular side of the protein has one binding pocket with two sub-pockets. Sub-pocket 1is positively charged due to positively charged lysine residues, while sub-pocket 2 contains hydrophobic amino acids, which contribute to hydrophobic interactions between ligand and protein. The intracellular domain is what connects the transmembrane and G-protein domains together. There are a wide variety of residues and important interactions that contribute to this interaction, and it is very important in transmitting the extracellular signal of ligand binding to the intracellular environment where the G-protein binds and can become activated.

G-Protein

Novel Characteristics

The most important findings about the MRGPRX2 receptor are the differences between it and all other previously discovered GPCR's found in the A family. Many conserved structural motifs, characteristic of the A family receptors, are absent on MRGPRX2, which contribute significantly to the different ligand interactions it has.

Toggle Switch

Previously known Tryptophan residue that acts as the Toggle Switch in GPCR is switched to a .

Sodium Site

PIF/LLF Motif

LLF Motif on .

DRY/ ERC Motif

Disulfide Bonds

Disulfide bond connecting .

Ligands

C48/80 ligand description

Function

Before Activation

After Activation

Clinical Relevance

3D Structures

References

↑ Hauser AS, Attwood MM, Rask-Andersen M, Schioth HB, Gloriam DE. Trends in GPCR drug discovery: new agents, targets and indications. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017 Dec;16(12):829-842. doi: 10.1038/nrd.2017.178. Epub, 2017 Oct 27. PMID:29075003 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.178
↑ Basith S, Cui M, Macalino SJY, Park J, Clavio NAB, Kang S, Choi S. Exploring G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) Ligand Space via Cheminformatics Approaches: Impact on Rational Drug Design. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Mar 9;9:128. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00128. eCollection, 2018. PMID:29593527 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00128
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Cao C, Kang HJ, Singh I, Chen H, Zhang C, Ye W, Hayes BW, Liu J, Gumpper RH, Bender BJ, Slocum ST, Krumm BE, Lansu K, McCorvy JD, Kroeze WK, English JG, DiBerto JF, Olsen RHJ, Huang XP, Zhang S, Liu Y, Kim K, Karpiak J, Jan LY, Abraham SN, Jin J, Shoichet BK, Fay JF, Roth BL. Structure, function and pharmacology of human itch GPCRs. Nature. 2021 Dec;600(7887):170-175. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04126-6. Epub 2021, Nov 17. PMID:34789874 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04126-6
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Yang F, Guo L, Li Y, Wang G, Wang J, Zhang C, Fang GX, Chen X, Liu L, Yan X, Liu Q, Qu C, Xu Y, Xiao P, Zhu Z, Li Z, Zhou J, Yu X, Gao N, Sun JP. Structure, function and pharmacology of human itch receptor complexes. Nature. 2021 Dec;600(7887):164-169. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04077-y. Epub 2021, Nov 17. PMID:34789875 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04077-y

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 == GPCR Structure ==
-Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to image the MRGPRX2 receptor to analyze its structure. <ref name= "Cao" /> <ref name= "Yang" /> which helped to classify it into the A family of GPCR's. MRGPRX2 therefore shares the same general structural domains of all GPCR's. This includes a <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_red/1'>transmembrane domain</scene> and a <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_gprotein/1'>G-protein</scene> domain. The G-protein domain consists of <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_alpha/1'>alpha</scene>, <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_beta/1'>beta</scene>, and <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_gamma/1'>gamma</scene> subunits. In preparing the protein sample, MRGPRX2 was prepared with the antibody scFv16 in order to stabilize the membrane for proper imaging. For simplicity and to focus on the specific MRGPRX2 receptor, the antibody has been removed.
+Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was used to image the MRGPRX2 receptor to analyze its structure. <ref name= "Cao" /> <ref name= "Yang" /> which helped to classify it into the A family of GPCR's. MRGPRX2 therefore shares the same general structural domains of all GPCR's. This includes a <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_red/1'>transmembrane domain</scene> and a <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_gprotein/1'>G-protein</scene> domain. The G-protein domain consists of <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_alpha/1'>alpha</scene>, <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_beta/1'>beta</scene>, and <scene name='90/904305/Structure_overview_gamma/1'>gamma</scene> subunits. In preparing the protein sample, MRGPRX2 was prepared with the <scene name='90/904305/Antibody_representation/1'>antibody scFv16</scene> in order to stabilize the membrane for proper imaging. For simplicity and to focus on the specific MRGPRX2 receptor, the antibody has been removed.
 === Transmembrane Domain ===