Photosystem II

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	{{STRUCTURE_1s5l| PDB=1s5l | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|CAPTION=Photosystem II, [[1s5l]] }}		{{STRUCTURE_1s5l| PDB=1s5l | SIZE=400| SCENE= |right|CAPTION=Photosystem II, [[1s5l]] }}
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	==Oxygen Evolution==		==Oxygen Evolution==
	Another important facet of Photosystem II is its ability to oxidize water to oxygen with its <scene name='Photosystem_II/Oxygen_evolving_centers/11'>oxygen evolving centers</scene>. These centers are <scene name='Photosystem_II/Single_oxygen_evolving/1'>cubane-like</scene> structures with 3 '''<FONT COLOR="#8D38C9">manganese</FONT>''', 4 '''<FONT COLOR="#C11B17">oxygen</FONT>''' and a '''<FONT COLOR="#59E817">calcium</FONT>''' linked to a fourth manganese<ref>PMID: 14764885</ref>. Oxidation of water leaves 2 H <sup>+</sup> on the lumenal side of the membrane, helping to establish the proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis in the CF<sub>1</sub>CF<sub>0</sub>-ATP sythase protein.		Another important facet of Photosystem II is its ability to oxidize water to oxygen with its <scene name='Photosystem_II/Oxygen_evolving_centers/11'>oxygen evolving centers</scene>. These centers are <scene name='Photosystem_II/Single_oxygen_evolving/1'>cubane-like</scene> structures with 3 '''<FONT COLOR="#8D38C9">manganese</FONT>''', 4 '''<FONT COLOR="#C11B17">oxygen</FONT>''' and a '''<FONT COLOR="#59E817">calcium</FONT>''' linked to a fourth manganese<ref>PMID: 14764885</ref>. Oxidation of water leaves 2 H <sup>+</sup> on the lumenal side of the membrane, helping to establish the proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis in the CF<sub>1</sub>CF<sub>0</sub>-ATP sythase protein.
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		+	==3D structures of photosystem II==
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		+	[[3arc]], [[3a0b]], [[3a0h]] – PSII – Thermosynechococcus vulcanos<br />
		+	[[3prq]], [[3prr]] - TePSII + terbutryn – Thermosynechococcus elongates<br />
		+	[[3kzi]], [[3bz1]], [[3bz2]], [[2axt]], [[1w5c]], [[1s5l]], [[1izl]], [[1ilx]], [[1fe1]] – TePSII<br />
		+	[[2kvo]] – SyPSII reaction center PSB28 protein – Synechocystis – NMR<br />
		+	[[2kmf]], [[2knd]] - SyPSII reaction center PSB27 subunit – NMR<br />
		+	[[2vu4]], [[1vyk]] – spPSII PSBP subunit – spinach<br />
		+	[[1nze]] - spPSII PSBQ subunit<br />
		+	[[1v2b]] - PSII PSBP subunit – tobacco
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	==Additional Resources==		==Additional Resources==

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Revision as of 09:39, 17 August 2011

Template:STRUCTURE 1s5l

Contents 1 Background 2 Photosynthesis 3 Electron Transfer 4 Oxygen Evolution 5 3D structures of photosystem II 6 Additional Resources 7 References

Background

This structure of Photosystem II was crystallized from the cyanobacteria, Thermosynechococcus elongatus, at 3.0Å ^[1] and at 3.50 Å ^[2]. PDB codes are 2axt and 1s5l, respectively. Cyanobacteria and plants both contain Photosystem II while photosynthetic bacteria contain the bacterial reaction center. This photosynthetic protein complex is associated with a variety of functional ligands. It is a composed mainly of alpha-helices. Nineteen are in each monomer, with multiple extrinsic subunits associated with the oxygen evolving complex missing from this crystallization. Photosystem II is a membrane bound protein complex that in plants is associated with the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. regions correlate with membrane associated nature of the protein. Hydrophobic helices make up the transmembranal portion, while polar residues are concentrated externally on either side of the membrane.

Photosynthesis

Photosystem II is an integral part of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. Photosystem II is linked to a variety of other proteins, including Photosytem I. These proteins ultimately produce NADPH and ATP that power the Calvin cycle. Using this energy, glucose is synthesized from carbon dioxide and water.

Electron Transfer

surround Photosystem II and capture energy from sunlight, exciting electrons. Chlorophyll are highly conjugated and absorb visible light, along with accessory light harvesting pigments such as . Beta carotene absorbs visible light of other wavelengths and also protects Photosystem II by destroying reactive oxygen species that result from this photoexcitation. Electrons are passed from chlorophyll to . Pheophytin are very similar to chlorophyll except they contain 2 H⁺ instead of a Mg²⁺ ion. From the pheophytin, electrons transferred to , which are reduced. Located between each pair of quinones, an iron helps to transfer the electron. These plastoquinones eventually move to a plastoquinone pool which travels to another large protein subunit, cytochrome b ₆/ f. Eventually these electrons reduce NADP⁺ to NADPH. The through Photosystem II is shown, with beta-carotenes, pheophytins, iron and plasotoquinones.

Oxygen Evolution

Another important facet of Photosystem II is its ability to oxidize water to oxygen with its . These centers are structures with 3 manganese, 4 oxygen and a calcium linked to a fourth manganese^[3]. Oxidation of water leaves 2 H ⁺ on the lumenal side of the membrane, helping to establish the proton gradient essential for ATP synthesis in the CF₁CF₀-ATP sythase protein.

3D structures of photosystem II

3arc, 3a0b, 3a0h – PSII – Thermosynechococcus vulcanos
3prq, 3prr - TePSII + terbutryn – Thermosynechococcus elongates
3kzi, 3bz1, 3bz2, 2axt, 1w5c, 1s5l, 1izl, 1ilx, 1fe1 – TePSII
2kvo – SyPSII reaction center PSB28 protein – Synechocystis – NMR
2kmf, 2knd - SyPSII reaction center PSB27 subunit – NMR
2vu4, 1vyk – spPSII PSBP subunit – spinach
1nze - spPSII PSBQ subunit
1v2b - PSII PSBP subunit – tobacco

Additional Resources

For additional information, see: Photosynthesis

References

1. ↑ Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J. Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 A resolution structure of photosystem II. Nature. 2005 Dec 15;438(7070):1040-4. PMID:16355230 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04224
2. ↑ Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S. Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center. Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1831-8. Epub 2004 Feb 5. PMID:14764885 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093087
3. ↑ Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S. Architecture of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center. Science. 2004 Mar 19;303(5665):1831-8. Epub 2004 Feb 5. PMID:14764885 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093087