| Structural highlights
2mse is a 4 chain structure with sequence from Human. Full experimental information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
| | Ligands: | , , , |
| Related: | 2msc, 2msd, 2m4a, 2m4b, 1av1, 3gft, 4dsn |
| Gene: | APOA1 (HUMAN), hCG_14731, KRAS (HUMAN), ARAF, ARAF1, PKS, PKS2 (HUMAN) |
| Resources: | FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT |
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Disease
[APOA1_HUMAN] Defects in APOA1 are a cause of high density lipoprotein deficiency type 2 (HDLD2) [MIM:604091]; also known as familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia (FHA). Inheritance is autosomal dominant.[1] [2] Defects in APOA1 are a cause of the low HDL levels observed in high density lipoprotein deficiency type 1 (HDLD1) [MIM:205400]; also known as analphalipoproteinemia or Tangier disease (TGD). HDLD1 is a recessive disorder characterized by the absence of plasma HDL, accumulation of cholesteryl esters, premature coronary artery disease, hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent peripheral neuropathy and progressive muscle wasting and weakness. In HDLD1 patients, ApoA-I fails to associate with HDL probably because of the faulty conversion of pro-ApoA-I molecules into mature chains, either due to a defect in the converting enzyme activity or a specific structural defect in Tangier ApoA-I.[3] [4] Note=A mutation in APOA1 is the cause of amyloid polyneuropathy-nephropathy Iowa type (AMYLIOWA); also known as amyloidosis van Allen type or familial amyloid polyneuropathy type III. AMYLIOWA is a hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to deposition of amyloid mainly constituted by apolipoprotein A1. The clinical picture is dominated by neuropathy in the early stages of the disease and nephropathy late in the course. Death is due in most cases to renal amyloidosis. Severe peptic ulcer disease can occurr in some and hearing loss is frequent. Cataracts is present in several, but vitreous opacities are not observed.[5] [6] [7] [8] Defects in APOA1 are a cause of amyloidosis type 8 (AMYL8) [MIM:105200]; also known as systemic non-neuropathic amyloidosis or Ostertag-type amyloidosis. AMYL8 is a hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to deposition of apolipoprotein A1, fibrinogen and lysozyme amyloids. Viscera are particularly affected. There is no involvement of the nervous system. Clinical features include renal amyloidosis resulting in nephrotic syndrome, arterial hypertension, hepatosplenomegaly, cholestasis, petechial skin rash.[9] [10] [11]
Function
[APOA1_HUMAN] Participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As part of the SPAP complex, activates spermatozoa motility.[12] [ARAF_HUMAN] Involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus.[13] Isoform 2: Serves as a positive regulator of myogenic differentiation by inducing cell cycle arrest, the expression of myogenin and other muscle-specific proteins, and myotube formation.[14]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
K-RAS4B (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog 4B) is a prenylated, membrane-associated GTPase protein that is a critical switch for the propagation of growth factor signaling pathways to diverse effector proteins, including rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) kinases and RAS-related protein guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator (RALGDS) proteins. Gain-of-function KRAS mutations occur frequently in human cancers and predict poor clinical outcome, whereas germ-line mutations are associated with developmental syndromes. However, it is not known how these mutations affect K-RAS association with biological membranes or whether this impacts signal transduction. Here, we used solution NMR studies of K-RAS4B tethered to nanodiscs to investigate lipid bilayer-anchored K-RAS4B and its interactions with effector protein RAS-binding domains (RBDs). Unexpectedly, we found that the effector-binding region of activated K-RAS4B is occluded by interaction with the membrane in one of the NMR-observable, and thus highly populated, conformational states. Binding of the RAF isoform ARAF and RALGDS RBDs induced marked reorientation of K-RAS4B from the occluded state to RBD-specific effector-bound states. Importantly, we found that two Noonan syndrome-associated mutations, K5N and D153V, which do not affect the GTPase cycle, relieve the occluded orientation by directly altering the electrostatics of two membrane interaction surfaces. Similarly, the most frequent KRAS oncogenic mutation G12D also drives K-RAS4B toward an exposed configuration. Further, the D153V and G12D mutations increase the rate of association of ARAF-RBD with lipid bilayer-tethered K-RAS4B. We revealed a mechanism of K-RAS4B autoinhibition by membrane sequestration of its effector-binding site, which can be disrupted by disease-associated mutations. Stabilizing the autoinhibitory interactions between K-RAS4B and the membrane could be an attractive target for anticancer drug discovery.
Oncogenic and RASopathy-associated K-RAS mutations relieve membrane-dependent occlusion of the effector-binding site.,Mazhab-Jafari MT, Marshall CB, Smith MJ, Gasmi-Seabrook GM, Stathopulos PB, Inagaki F, Kay LE, Neel BG, Ikura M Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 May 26;112(21):6625-30. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1419895112. Epub 2015 May 4. PMID:25941399[15]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Nakata K, Kobayashi K, Yanagi H, Shimakura Y, Tsuchiya S, Arinami T, Hamaguchi H. Autosomal dominant hypoalphalipoproteinemia due to a completely defective apolipoprotein A-I gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Oct 29;196(2):950-5. PMID:8240372 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S0006-291X(83)72341-7
- ↑ Ng DS, Leiter LA, Vezina C, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Apolipoprotein A-I Q[-2]X causing isolated apolipoprotein A-I deficiency in a family with analphalipoproteinemia. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jan;93(1):223-9. PMID:8282791 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116949
- ↑ Nakata K, Kobayashi K, Yanagi H, Shimakura Y, Tsuchiya S, Arinami T, Hamaguchi H. Autosomal dominant hypoalphalipoproteinemia due to a completely defective apolipoprotein A-I gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Oct 29;196(2):950-5. PMID:8240372 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S0006-291X(83)72341-7
- ↑ Ng DS, Leiter LA, Vezina C, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Apolipoprotein A-I Q[-2]X causing isolated apolipoprotein A-I deficiency in a family with analphalipoproteinemia. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jan;93(1):223-9. PMID:8282791 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116949
- ↑ Nakata K, Kobayashi K, Yanagi H, Shimakura Y, Tsuchiya S, Arinami T, Hamaguchi H. Autosomal dominant hypoalphalipoproteinemia due to a completely defective apolipoprotein A-I gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Oct 29;196(2):950-5. PMID:8240372 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S0006-291X(83)72341-7
- ↑ Ng DS, Leiter LA, Vezina C, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Apolipoprotein A-I Q[-2]X causing isolated apolipoprotein A-I deficiency in a family with analphalipoproteinemia. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jan;93(1):223-9. PMID:8282791 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116949
- ↑ Nichols WC, Dwulet FE, Liepnieks J, Benson MD. Variant apolipoprotein AI as a major constituent of a human hereditary amyloid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Oct 31;156(2):762-8. PMID:3142462
- ↑ Nichols WC, Gregg RE, Brewer HB Jr, Benson MD. A mutation in apolipoprotein A-I in the Iowa type of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Genomics. 1990 Oct;8(2):318-23. PMID:2123470
- ↑ Nakata K, Kobayashi K, Yanagi H, Shimakura Y, Tsuchiya S, Arinami T, Hamaguchi H. Autosomal dominant hypoalphalipoproteinemia due to a completely defective apolipoprotein A-I gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Oct 29;196(2):950-5. PMID:8240372 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S0006-291X(83)72341-7
- ↑ Ng DS, Leiter LA, Vezina C, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Apolipoprotein A-I Q[-2]X causing isolated apolipoprotein A-I deficiency in a family with analphalipoproteinemia. J Clin Invest. 1994 Jan;93(1):223-9. PMID:8282791 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI116949
- ↑ Soutar AK, Hawkins PN, Vigushin DM, Tennent GA, Booth SE, Hutton T, Nguyen O, Totty NF, Feest TG, Hsuan JJ, et al.. Apolipoprotein AI mutation Arg-60 causes autosomal dominant amyloidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7389-93. PMID:1502149
- ↑ Akerlof E, Jornvall H, Slotte H, Pousette A. Identification of apolipoprotein A1 and immunoglobulin as components of a serum complex that mediates activation of human sperm motility. Biochemistry. 1991 Sep 17;30(37):8986-90. PMID:1909888
- ↑ Yokoyama T, Takano K, Yoshida A, Katada F, Sun P, Takenawa T, Andoh T, Endo T. DA-Raf1, a competent intrinsic dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras-ERK pathway, is required for myogenic differentiation. J Cell Biol. 2007 Jun 4;177(5):781-93. Epub 2007 May 29. PMID:17535970 doi:http://dx.doi.org/jcb.200703195
- ↑ Yokoyama T, Takano K, Yoshida A, Katada F, Sun P, Takenawa T, Andoh T, Endo T. DA-Raf1, a competent intrinsic dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras-ERK pathway, is required for myogenic differentiation. J Cell Biol. 2007 Jun 4;177(5):781-93. Epub 2007 May 29. PMID:17535970 doi:http://dx.doi.org/jcb.200703195
- ↑ Mazhab-Jafari MT, Marshall CB, Smith MJ, Gasmi-Seabrook GM, Stathopulos PB, Inagaki F, Kay LE, Neel BG, Ikura M. Oncogenic and RASopathy-associated K-RAS mutations relieve membrane-dependent occlusion of the effector-binding site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 May 26;112(21):6625-30. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1419895112. Epub 2015 May 4. PMID:25941399 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419895112
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