User:David Gucklhorn/Sandbox 1

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HER2 is an atypical member of the ERBB family, as its ECD adopts an untethered conformation constitutively (Roskoski, 2014). Unlike the other ERBB family members, HER2 does not have a ligand. HER2 preferentially heterodimerizes with ligand bound untethered (open) HER3 or EGFR to initiate cellular signaling, although HER2 homodimers capable of signaling have been reported in HER2 overexpressing cells (Brennan et al., 2000; Roskoski, 2014). <ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>
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HER2 is an atypical member of the ERBB family, as its ECD adopts an untethered conformation constitutively <ref>DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.002</ref>. Unlike the other ERBB family members, HER2 does not have a ligand. HER2 preferentially heterodimerizes with ligand bound untethered (open) HER3 or EGFR to initiate cellular signaling, although HER2 homodimers capable of signaling have been reported in HER2 overexpressing cells <ref>DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203967</ref><ref>DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.002</ref><ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>
[[Image:Dg_sb_Figure2.jpg|frame|center|Extracellular module structures for the EGFR family members
[[Image:Dg_sb_Figure2.jpg|frame|center|Extracellular module structures for the EGFR family members
A) The conformational change induced by ligand binding. The tethered conformation of EGFR (left, PDB ID 1NQL, EGF bound at low pH was removed for clarity) rearranges to the extended conformation of EGFR (right, PDB ID 3NJP) upon ligand binding. B) Unliganded Her3 (PDB ID 1M6B) and Her4 (PDB ID 2AHX) can adopt a tethered conformation similar to EGFR, while Her2 (PDB ID 1N8H) is in an extended conformation, even in the absence of ligand.<ref>DOI 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034402</ref>]]
A) The conformational change induced by ligand binding. The tethered conformation of EGFR (left, PDB ID 1NQL, EGF bound at low pH was removed for clarity) rearranges to the extended conformation of EGFR (right, PDB ID 3NJP) upon ligand binding. B) Unliganded Her3 (PDB ID 1M6B) and Her4 (PDB ID 2AHX) can adopt a tethered conformation similar to EGFR, while Her2 (PDB ID 1N8H) is in an extended conformation, even in the absence of ligand.<ref>DOI 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034402</ref>]]
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Amino acid composition of the TMD in WT HER2 (PDB ID: 2JWA) and in V659E, G660D, or G660R mutants, highlighting the relative arrangement of side chain atoms of polar (oxygen (red) and nitrogen (blue) atoms shown as spheres) and apolar (carbon atoms (green) shown as sticks) <ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>]]
Amino acid composition of the TMD in WT HER2 (PDB ID: 2JWA) and in V659E, G660D, or G660R mutants, highlighting the relative arrangement of side chain atoms of polar (oxygen (red) and nitrogen (blue) atoms shown as spheres) and apolar (carbon atoms (green) shown as sticks) <ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>]]
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Proper positioning of the S656-xxx-G660 motif for productive TMD dimer formation is highly dependent on the orientation and geometry of the monomeric TMD helices, defined by basic residues near the interfacial regions between the cytoplasm and head group region of the bilayer (Gleason et al., 2013; Hristova and Wimley, 2011; Kim et al., 2011). Activating HER2 mutations such as R678Q might have a significant effect on the TMD geometry and dimerization. This was tested by performing all-atom 100 ns MD simulations for wild-type (WT) and the WT/R678Q HER2 TMD dimers in a phospholipid bilayer. The coordinates of the HER2 TM dimer in the putative activated conformation determined by NMR (PDB ID: 2JWA) were used as the starting positions in the simulations. The conformation of the WT HER2 TMD homodimer (WT/WT) remains stable over the course of the simulation. In the WT/R678Q TMD heterodimer, the S656-xxx-G660 motif remained engaged for the duration of the simulation, albeit through different interactions. However, the R678Q containing region of the C-termini separated by several angstroms compared to the WT homodimer (Figure 4). Despite these differences, in both WT/WT and WT/R678Q dimers, the conformations observed in the final state are consistent with a geometry proposed to support an activated, asymmetric configuration of the cytoplasmic kinase domains, and suggests that the enhanced activity of the mutant may be the result of its stabilizing effect on the specific heterodimeric configuration required for signaling.
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Proper positioning of the S656-xxx-G660 motif for productive TMD dimer formation is highly dependent on the orientation and geometry of the monomeric TMD helices, defined by basic residues near the interfacial regions between the cytoplasm and head group region of the bilayer <ref>DOI 10.1007/s00232-010-9323-9</ref><ref>DOI 10.1073/pnas.1215400110</ref><ref>DOI 10.1038/nature10697</ref>. Activating HER2 mutations such as R678Q might have a significant effect on the TMD geometry and dimerization. This was tested by performing all-atom 100 ns MD simulations for wild-type (WT) and the WT/R678Q HER2 TMD dimers in a phospholipid bilayer. The coordinates of the HER2 TM dimer in the putative activated conformation determined by NMR (PDB ID: 2JWA) were used as the starting positions in the simulations. The conformation of the WT HER2 TMD homodimer (WT/WT) remains stable over the course of the simulation. In the WT/R678Q TMD heterodimer, the S656-xxx-G660 motif remained engaged for the duration of the simulation, albeit through different interactions. However, the R678Q containing region of the C-termini separated by several angstroms compared to the WT homodimer (Figure 4). Despite these differences, in both WT/WT and WT/R678Q dimers, the conformations observed in the final state are consistent with a geometry proposed to support an activated, asymmetric configuration of the cytoplasmic kinase domains, and suggests that the enhanced activity of the mutant may be the result of its stabilizing effect on the specific heterodimeric configuration required for signaling.
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A second possibility is that oncogenic mutations are able to stabilize an alternate activated dimeric TMD conformation. It is well known that polar interactions strongly support helix association both in conformations that cooperate with small Sm-xxx-Sm motif dimerization or in entirely unique geometries (Brooks et al., 2014; Goldberg et al., 2010; Gordeliy et al., 2002). To see the effect of a polar mutation on HER2 TMD dimers the G660D mutant was simulated. MD simulations demonstrated that the introduction of the protonated aspartate disrupts the native dimeric configuration (Figure 4). In five independent 100 ns simulations, the TMD dimer configuration gradually drifted away from the starting configuration sampled for WT/WT HER2 and without achieving a common final state. On a 100 ns time scale it was not possible, however, to predict with certainty the final geometry of a HER2 TMD dimer in the presence of the G660D/R mutations, but these results suggest that polar mutations at position 660 alter the WT HER2 TMD geometry.<ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>
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A second possibility is that oncogenic mutations are able to stabilize an alternate activated dimeric TMD conformation. It is well known that polar interactions strongly support helix association both in conformations that cooperate with small Sm-xxx-Sm motif dimerization or in entirely unique geometries <ref>DOI 10.1126/science.1249783</ref><ref>DOI 10.1038/nature01109</ref><ref>DOI 10.1073/pnas.1003166107</ref>. To see the effect of a polar mutation on HER2 TMD dimers the G660D mutant was simulated. MD simulations demonstrated that the introduction of the protonated aspartate disrupts the native dimeric configuration (Figure 4). In five independent 100 ns simulations, the TMD dimer configuration gradually drifted away from the starting configuration sampled for WT/WT HER2 and without achieving a common final state. On a 100 ns time scale it was not possible, however, to predict with certainty the final geometry of a HER2 TMD dimer in the presence of the G660D/R mutations, but these results suggest that polar mutations at position 660 alter the WT HER2 TMD geometry.<ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>
[[Image:Dg_sb_Figure4.png|frame|center|Conformational analysis of HER2 TMD mutants.
[[Image:Dg_sb_Figure4.png|frame|center|Conformational analysis of HER2 TMD mutants.
Overview of the final state obtained at the end of a 100 ns simulation of the WT HER2 TMD dimer (left), a heterodimer between a WT TMD and an activating C-terminal R678Q TMD mutant (WT/R678Q) (middle) and a homodimer of the activating N-terminal G660D TMD mutant (G660D/G660D) (right).<ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>]]
Overview of the final state obtained at the end of a 100 ns simulation of the WT HER2 TMD dimer (left), a heterodimer between a WT TMD and an activating C-terminal R678Q TMD mutant (WT/R678Q) (middle) and a homodimer of the activating N-terminal G660D TMD mutant (G660D/G660D) (right).<ref>DOI 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.09.010</ref>]]

Revision as of 23:11, 27 April 2022

ErbB2

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References

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