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Better Known as: Arzerra
- Marketed By: GlaxoSmithKline
- Major Indication: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
- Drug Class: Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody
- Date of FDA Approval: 1999 (2016)
- 2009 Sales: $3.1 Billion
- Importance: It has been proposed that the closer the inhibitor resembles the natural substrate (Sialic acid), the less likely they are to select drug-resistant mutant viruses. It was along this train of thought that Oseltamivir was designed. It was approved by the FDA just a few months after Zanamivir and quickly garnered 75% of the influenza market share. Many newer strains of Influenza, namely [User:Michael Strong/H1N1|H1N1]] have become resistant to Oseltamivir however, shifting market share back toward Zanamivir for which influenza has remained relatively unresistant toward.
- See Pharmaceutical Drugs for more information about other drugs and diseases.
Mechanism of Action
Viral Neuraminidase is one of two major glycoproteins found on the surface of influenza viral membranes, the other being hemagglutinin. When the influenza virus infects a host cell, it attaches itself to the host via hemagglutinin interactions with host glycans, facilitating the fusion of host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. After the virus has successfully infected the host and replicated extensively, the viral cargo is released from the cell via budding. During the budding process, the viral cargo is attached to the host cell once again via hemagglutinins, allowing the viral particle to form completely. Once the viral particle is formed, Neuraminidase cleaves the terminal sialic (neuraminic) acid residues from the glycan structures on the surface of the infected cell, breaking the hemmaglutinin-glycan interaction and promoting release of the viral particle to infect other cells. Oseltamivir is a prodrug which is rapidly metabolized into its active form. It functions by inhibiting the function of , preventing the viral particle from being released from the infected cell, thus limiting the severity and spread of viral infections.[1] It binds to the active site of Neuraminidase causing dramatic conformational adjustments which render the protein non-functional. This prevents neuraminidase from cleaving the hemmaglutinin-glycan tethers and releasing the viral cargo after viral replication. Oseltamivir binding causes the (residues 147-151) to shift, , while Oseltamivir situates itself using hydrogen bonds to residues Tyr 406, Arg 371, and Arg 152 along with a number of . Of note, the of His 274 to Tyr confers resistance to Oseltamivir because the interaction between Tyr 274 & Glu 276, of Oseltamivir, increasing the Ki of Oseltamivir 265 fold. This is not the case with Zanamivir, which is barely impacted by the H274Y mutation (Ki increases by only 2 fold).[2]
Pharmacokinetics
For References to Pharmacokinetic data, see: References
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References
- ↑ Varghese JN, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Caldwell JB, Kortt AA, Colman PM. The structure of the complex between influenza virus neuraminidase and sialic acid, the viral receptor. Proteins. 1992 Nov;14(3):327-32. PMID:1438172 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340140302
- ↑ Collins PJ, Haire LF, Lin YP, Liu J, Russell RJ, Walker PA, Skehel JJ, Martin SR, Hay AJ, Gamblin SJ. Crystal structures of oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus neuraminidase mutants. Nature. 2008 Jun 26;453(7199):1258-61. Epub 2008 May 14. PMID:18480754 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06956
